52 changed files with 1358 additions and 2563 deletions
--- a/.gitea/workflows/release.yml
+++ b/.gitea/workflows/release.yml
@ -30,14 +30,8 @@ jobs:

      - name: Build for Linux
        run: >-
-          go build -v -ldflags '-s -w
-          -X git.ophivana.moe/security/fortify/internal.Version=${{ github.ref_name }}
-          -X git.ophivana.moe/security/fortify/internal.Fsu=/usr/bin/fsu
-          -X git.ophivana.moe/security/fortify/internal.Finit=/usr/libexec/fortify/finit
-          -X main.Fmain=/usr/bin/fortify
-          -X main.Fshim=/usr/libexec/fortify/fshim'
-          -o bin/ ./... &&
-          (cd bin && sha512sum --tag -b * > sha512sums)
+          sh -c "go build -v -ldflags '-s -w -X main.Version=${{ github.ref_name }}' -o bin/fortify &&
+          sha256sum --tag -b bin/fortify > bin/fortify.sha256"

      - name: Release
        id: use-go-action
--- a/.gitea/workflows/test.yml
+++ b/.gitea/workflows/test.yml
@ -33,11 +33,5 @@ jobs:

      - name: Build for Linux
        run: >-
-          go build -v -ldflags '-s -w
-          -X git.ophivana.moe/security/fortify/internal.Version=${{ github.ref_name }}
-          -X git.ophivana.moe/security/fortify/internal.Fsu=/usr/bin/fsu
-          -X git.ophivana.moe/security/fortify/internal.Finit=/usr/libexec/fortify/finit
-          -X main.Fmain=/usr/bin/fortify
-          -X main.Fshim=/usr/libexec/fortify/fshim'
-          -o bin/ ./... &&
-          (cd bin && sha512sum --tag -b * > sha512sums)
+          sh -c "go build -v -ldflags '-s -w -X main.Version=${{ github.ref_name }}' -o bin/fortify &&
+          sha256sum --tag -b bin/fortify > bin/fortify.sha256"
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@ -2,7 +2,6 @@ Fortify
 =======

 [![Go Reference](https://pkg.go.dev/badge/git.ophivana.moe/security/fortify.svg)](https://pkg.go.dev/git.ophivana.moe/security/fortify)
-[![Go Report Card](https://goreportcard.com/badge/git.ophivana.moe/security/fortify)](https://goreportcard.com/report/git.ophivana.moe/security/fortify)

 Lets you run graphical applications as another user in a confined environment with a nice NixOS
 module to configure target users and provide launchers and desktop files for your privileged user.
@ -32,9 +31,7 @@ nix run git+https://git.ophivana.moe/security/fortify -- -h

 ## Module usage

-The NixOS module currently requires home-manager to function correctly.
-
-Full module documentation can be found [here](options.md).
+The NixOS module currently requires home-manager and impermanence to function correctly.

 To use the module, import it into your configuration with

@ -71,102 +68,112 @@ This adds the `environment.fortify` option:
 {
  environment.fortify = {
    enable = true;
-    stateDir = "/var/lib/persist/module/fortify";
-    users = {
-      alice = 0;
-      nixos = 10;
-    };
+    user = "nixos";
+    stateDir = "/var/lib/persist/module";
+    target = {
+      chronos = {
+        launchers = {
+          weechat.method = "sudo";
+          claws-mail.capability.pulse = false;

-    apps = [
-      {
-        name = "chromium";
-        id = "org.chromium.Chromium";
-        packages = [ pkgs.chromium ];
-        userns = true;
-        mapRealUid = true;
-        dbus = {
-          system = {
-            filter = true;
-            talk = [
-              "org.bluez"
-              "org.freedesktop.Avahi"
-              "org.freedesktop.UPower"
-            ];
+          discord = {
+            command = "vesktop --ozone-platform-hint=wayland";
+            share = pkgs.vesktop;
          };
-          session =
-            f:
-            f {
+
+          chromium.dbus = {
+            configSystem = {
+              filter = true;
+              talk = [
+                "org.bluez"
+                "org.freedesktop.Avahi"
+                "org.freedesktop.UPower"
+              ];
+            };
+            config = {
+              filter = true;
              talk = [
                "org.freedesktop.DBus"
                "org.freedesktop.FileManager1"
                "org.freedesktop.Notifications"
                "org.freedesktop.ScreenSaver"
                "org.freedesktop.secrets"
-                "org.kde.kwalletd5"
+                "org.kde.kwalletd5"    
                "org.kde.kwalletd6"
-              ];
+              ];   
              own = [
                "org.chromium.Chromium.*"
                "org.mpris.MediaPlayer2.org.chromium.Chromium.*"
                "org.mpris.MediaPlayer2.chromium.*"
              ];
-              call = { };
-              broadcast = { };
+              call = {
+                "org.freedesktop.portal.*" = "*";
+              };
+              broadcast = {
+                "org.freedesktop.portal.*" = "@/org/freedesktop/portal/*";
+              };
            };
+          };
        };
-      }
-      {
-        name = "claws-mail";
-        id = "org.claws_mail.Claws-Mail";
-        packages = [ pkgs.claws-mail ];
-        gpu = false;
-        capability.pulse = false;
-      }
-      {
-        name = "weechat";
-        packages = [ pkgs.weechat ];
-        capability = {
-          wayland = false;
-          x11 = false;
-          dbus = true;
-          pulse = false;
-        };
-      }
-      {
-        name = "discord";
-        id = "dev.vencord.Vesktop";
-        packages = [ pkgs.vesktop ];
-        share = pkgs.vesktop;
-        command = "vesktop --ozone-platform-hint=wayland";
-        userns = true;
-        mapRealUid = true;
-        capability.x11 = true;
-        dbus = {
-          session =
-            f:
-            f {
-              talk = [ "org.kde.StatusNotifierWatcher" ];
-              own = [ ];
-              call = { };
-              broadcast = { };
-            };
-          system.filter = true;
-        };
-      }
-      {
-        name = "looking-glass-client";
-        groups = [ "plugdev" ];
-        extraPaths = [
-          {
-            src = "/dev/shm/looking-glass";
-            write = true;
-          }
+        packages = with pkgs; [
+          weechat
+          claws-mail
+          vesktop
+          chromium
+        ];
+        persistence.directories = [
+          ".config/weechat"
+          ".claws-mail"
+          ".config/vesktop"
        ];
        extraConfig = {
          programs.looking-glass-client.enable = true;
        };
-      }
-    ];
+      };
+    };
  };
 }
 ```
+
+* `enable` determines whether the module should be enabled or not. Useful when sharing configurations between graphical
+  and headless systems. Defaults to `false`.
+
+* `user` specifies the privileged user with access to fortified applications.
+
+* `stateDir` is the path to your persistent storage location. It is directly passed through to the impermanence module.
+
+* `target` is an attribute set of submodules, where the attribute name is the username of the unprivileged target user.
+
+  The available options are:
+
+    * `packages`, the list of packages to make available in the target user's environment.
+
+    * `persistence`, user persistence attribute set passed to impermanence.
+
+    * `extraConfig`, extra home-manager configuration for the target user.
+
+    * `launchers`, attribute set where the attribute name is the name of the launcher.
+
+      The available options are:
+
+        * `command`, the command to run as the target user. Defaults to launcher name.
+
+        * `dbus.config`, D-Bus proxy custom configuration.
+
+        * `dbus.configSystem`, D-Bus system bus custom configuration, null to disable.
+
+        * `dbus.id`, D-Bus application id, has no effect if `dbus.config` is set.
+
+        * `dbus.mpris`, whether to enable MPRIS defaults, has no effect if `dbus.config` is set.
+
+        * `capability.wayland`, whether to share the Wayland socket.
+
+        * `capability.x11`, whether to share the X11 socket and allow connection.
+
+        * `capability.dbus`, whether to proxy D-Bus.
+
+        * `capability.pulse`, whether to share the PulseAudio socket and cookie.
+
+        * `share`, package containing desktop/icon files. Defaults to launcher name.
+
+        * `method`, the launch method for the sandboxed program, can be `"fortify"`, `"fortify-sudo"`, `"sudo"`.
--- a/acl/export.go
+++ b/acl/export.go
@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-// Package acl implements simple ACL manipulation via libacl.
 package acl

 import "unsafe"
--- a/cmd/fsu/main.go
+++ b/cmd/fsu/main.go
@ -1,31 +1,25 @@
 package main

 import (
-	"bytes"
-	"fmt"
+	"bufio"
 	"log"
 	"os"
 	"path"
-	"slices"
 	"strconv"
 	"strings"
 	"syscall"
 )

 const (
-	compPoison  = "INVALIDINVALIDINVALIDINVALIDINVALID"
 	fsuConfFile = "/etc/fsurc"
 	envShim     = "FORTIFY_SHIM"
 	envAID      = "FORTIFY_APP_ID"
-	envGroups   = "FORTIFY_GROUPS"

-	PR_SET_NO_NEW_PRIVS = 0x26
+	fpPoison = "INVALIDINVALIDINVALIDINVALIDINVALID"
 )

-var (
-	Fmain = compPoison
-	Fshim = compPoison
-)
+// FortifyPath is the path to fortify, set at compile time.
+var FortifyPath = fpPoison

 func main() {
 	log.SetFlags(0)
@ -41,16 +35,9 @@ func main() {
 		log.Fatal("this program must not be started by root")
 	}

-	var fmain, fshim string
-	if p, ok := checkPath(Fmain); !ok {
+	// validate compiled in fortify path
+	if FortifyPath == fpPoison || !path.IsAbs(FortifyPath) {
 		log.Fatal("invalid fortify path, this copy of fsu is not compiled correctly")
-	} else {
-		fmain = p
-	}
-	if p, ok := checkPath(Fshim); !ok {
-		log.Fatal("invalid fshim path, this copy of fsu is not compiled correctly")
-	} else {
-		fshim = p
 	}

 	pexe := path.Join("/proc", strconv.Itoa(os.Getppid()), "exe")
@ -58,7 +45,7 @@ func main() {
 		log.Fatalf("cannot read parent executable path: %v", err)
 	} else if strings.HasSuffix(p, " (deleted)") {
 		log.Fatal("fortify executable has been deleted")
-	} else if p != fmain {
+	} else if p != FortifyPath {
 		log.Fatal("this program must be started by fortify")
 	}

@ -74,76 +61,80 @@ func main() {
 		uid += fid * 10000
 	}

-	// allowed aid range 0 to 9999
-	if as, ok := os.LookupEnv(envAID); !ok {
-		log.Fatal("FORTIFY_APP_ID not set")
-	} else if aid, err := parseUint32Fast(as); err != nil || aid < 0 || aid > 9999 {
-		log.Fatal("invalid aid")
-	} else {
-		uid += aid
-	}
-
 	// pass through setup path to shim
 	var shimSetupPath string
 	if s, ok := os.LookupEnv(envShim); !ok {
-		// fortify requests target uid
-		// print resolved uid and exit
-		fmt.Print(uid)
-		os.Exit(0)
+		log.Fatal("FORTIFY_SHIM not set")
 	} else if !path.IsAbs(s) {
 		log.Fatal("FORTIFY_SHIM is not absolute")
 	} else {
 		shimSetupPath = s
 	}

-	// supplementary groups
-	var suppGroups, suppCurrent []int
-
-	if gs, ok := os.LookupEnv(envGroups); ok {
-		if cur, err := os.Getgroups(); err != nil {
-			log.Fatalf("cannot get groups: %v", err)
-		} else {
-			suppCurrent = cur
-		}
-
-		// parse space-separated list of group ids
-		gss := bytes.Split([]byte(gs), []byte{' '})
-		suppGroups = make([]int, len(gss)+1)
-		for i, s := range gss {
-			if gid, err := strconv.Atoi(string(s)); err != nil {
-				log.Fatalf("cannot parse %q: %v", string(s), err)
-			} else if gid > 0 && gid != uid && gid != os.Getgid() && slices.Contains(suppCurrent, gid) {
-				suppGroups[i] = gid
-			} else {
-				log.Fatalf("invalid gid %d", gid)
-			}
-		}
-		suppGroups[len(suppGroups)-1] = uid
+	// allowed aid range 0 to 9999
+	if as, ok := os.LookupEnv(envAID); !ok {
+		log.Fatal("FORTIFY_APP_ID not set")
+	} else if aid, err := strconv.Atoi(as); err != nil || aid < 0 || aid > 9999 {
+		log.Fatal("invalid aid")
 	} else {
-		suppGroups = []int{uid}
+		uid += aid
 	}

-	// careful! users in the allowlist is effectively allowed to drop groups via fsu
-
 	if err := syscall.Setresgid(uid, uid, uid); err != nil {
 		log.Fatalf("cannot set gid: %v", err)
 	}
-	if err := syscall.Setgroups(suppGroups); err != nil {
-		log.Fatalf("cannot set supplementary groups: %v", err)
-	}
 	if err := syscall.Setresuid(uid, uid, uid); err != nil {
 		log.Fatalf("cannot set uid: %v", err)
 	}
-	if _, _, errno := syscall.AllThreadsSyscall(syscall.SYS_PRCTL, PR_SET_NO_NEW_PRIVS, 1, 0); errno != 0 {
-		log.Fatalf("cannot set no_new_privs flag: %s", errno.Error())
-	}
-	if err := syscall.Exec(fshim, []string{"fshim"}, []string{envShim + "=" + shimSetupPath}); err != nil {
+	if err := syscall.Exec(FortifyPath, []string{"fortify", "shim"}, []string{envShim + "=" + shimSetupPath}); err != nil {
 		log.Fatalf("cannot start shim: %v", err)
 	}

 	panic("unreachable")
 }

-func checkPath(p string) (string, bool) {
-	return p, p != compPoison && p != "" && path.IsAbs(p)
+func parseConfig(p string, puid int) (fid int, ok bool) {
+	// refuse to run if fsurc is not protected correctly
+	if s, err := os.Stat(p); err != nil {
+		log.Fatal(err)
+	} else if s.Mode().Perm() != 0400 {
+		log.Fatal("bad fsurc perm")
+	} else if st := s.Sys().(*syscall.Stat_t); st.Uid != 0 || st.Gid != 0 {
+		log.Fatal("fsurc must be owned by uid 0")
+	}
+
+	if r, err := os.Open(p); err != nil {
+		log.Fatal(err)
+		return -1, false
+	} else {
+		s := bufio.NewScanner(r)
+		var line int
+		for s.Scan() {
+			line++
+
+			// <puid> <fid>
+			lf := strings.SplitN(s.Text(), " ", 2)
+			if len(lf) != 2 {
+				log.Fatalf("invalid entry on line %d", line)
+			}
+
+			var puid0 int
+			if puid0, err = strconv.Atoi(lf[0]); err != nil || puid0 < 1 {
+				log.Fatalf("invalid parent uid on line %d", line)
+			}
+
+			ok = puid0 == puid
+			if ok {
+				// allowed fid range 0 to 99
+				if fid, err = strconv.Atoi(lf[1]); err != nil || fid < 0 || fid > 99 {
+					log.Fatalf("invalid fortify uid on line %d", line)
+				}
+				return
+			}
+		}
+		if err = s.Err(); err != nil {
+			log.Fatalf("cannot read fsurc: %v", err)
+		}
+		return -1, false
+	}
 }
--- a/cmd/fsu/parse.go
+++ b/cmd/fsu/parse.go
@ -1,77 +0,0 @@
-package main
-
-import (
-	"bufio"
-	"errors"
-	"fmt"
-	"log"
-	"os"
-	"strings"
-	"syscall"
-)
-
-func parseUint32Fast(s string) (int, error) {
-	sLen := len(s)
-	if sLen < 1 {
-		return -1, errors.New("zero length string")
-	}
-	if sLen > 10 {
-		return -1, errors.New("string too long")
-	}
-
-	n := 0
-	for i, ch := range []byte(s) {
-		ch -= '0'
-		if ch > 9 {
-			return -1, fmt.Errorf("invalid character '%s' at index %d", string([]byte{ch}), i)
-		}
-		n = n*10 + int(ch)
-	}
-	return n, nil
-}
-
-func parseConfig(p string, puid int) (fid int, ok bool) {
-	// refuse to run if fsurc is not protected correctly
-	if s, err := os.Stat(p); err != nil {
-		log.Fatal(err)
-	} else if s.Mode().Perm() != 0400 {
-		log.Fatal("bad fsurc perm")
-	} else if st := s.Sys().(*syscall.Stat_t); st.Uid != 0 || st.Gid != 0 {
-		log.Fatal("fsurc must be owned by uid 0")
-	}
-
-	if r, err := os.Open(p); err != nil {
-		log.Fatal(err)
-		return -1, false
-	} else {
-		s := bufio.NewScanner(r)
-		var line int
-		for s.Scan() {
-			line++
-
-			// <puid> <fid>
-			lf := strings.SplitN(s.Text(), " ", 2)
-			if len(lf) != 2 {
-				log.Fatalf("invalid entry on line %d", line)
-			}
-
-			var puid0 int
-			if puid0, err = parseUint32Fast(lf[0]); err != nil || puid0 < 1 {
-				log.Fatalf("invalid parent uid on line %d", line)
-			}
-
-			ok = puid0 == puid
-			if ok {
-				// allowed fid range 0 to 99
-				if fid, err = parseUint32Fast(lf[1]); err != nil || fid < 0 || fid > 99 {
-					log.Fatalf("invalid fortify uid on line %d", line)
-				}
-				return
-			}
-		}
-		if err = s.Err(); err != nil {
-			log.Fatalf("cannot read fsurc: %v", err)
-		}
-		return -1, false
-	}
-}
--- a/cmd/fuserdb/main.go
+++ b/cmd/fuserdb/main.go
@ -1,69 +0,0 @@
-package main
-
-import (
-	"bytes"
-	"errors"
-	"flag"
-	"fmt"
-	"os"
-	"path"
-	"strconv"
-
-	"git.ophivana.moe/security/fortify/internal/fmsg"
-)
-
-func main() {
-	fmsg.SetPrefix("fuserdb")
-
-	const varEmpty = "/var/empty"
-
-	out := flag.String("o", "userdb", "output directory")
-	homeDir := flag.String("d", varEmpty, "parent of home directories")
-	shell := flag.String("s", "/sbin/nologin", "absolute path to subordinate user shell")
-	flag.Parse()
-
-	type user struct {
-		name string
-		fid  int
-	}
-
-	users := make([]user, len(flag.Args()))
-	for i, s := range flag.Args() {
-		f := bytes.SplitN([]byte(s), []byte{':'}, 2)
-		if len(f) != 2 {
-			fmsg.Fatalf("invalid entry at index %d", i)
-		}
-		users[i].name = string(f[0])
-		if fid, err := strconv.Atoi(string(f[1])); err != nil {
-			fmsg.Fatal(err.Error())
-		} else {
-			users[i].fid = fid
-		}
-	}
-
-	if err := os.MkdirAll(*out, 0755); err != nil && !errors.Is(err, os.ErrExist) {
-		fmsg.Fatalf("cannot create output: %v", err)
-	}
-
-	for _, u := range users {
-		fidString := strconv.Itoa(u.fid)
-		for aid := 0; aid < 10000; aid++ {
-			userName := fmt.Sprintf("u%d_a%d", u.fid, aid)
-			uid := 1000000 + u.fid*10000 + aid
-			us := strconv.Itoa(uid)
-			realName := fmt.Sprintf("Fortify subordinate user %d (%s)", aid, u.name)
-			var homeDirectory string
-			if *homeDir != varEmpty {
-				homeDirectory = path.Join(*homeDir, fidString, strconv.Itoa(aid))
-			} else {
-				homeDirectory = varEmpty
-			}
-
-			writeUser(userName, uid, us, realName, homeDirectory, *shell, *out)
-			writeGroup(userName, uid, us, nil, *out)
-		}
-	}
-
-	fmsg.Printf("created %d entries", len(users)*2*10000)
-	fmsg.Exit(0)
-}
--- a/cmd/fuserdb/payload.go
+++ b/cmd/fuserdb/payload.go
@ -1,64 +0,0 @@
-package main
-
-import (
-	"encoding/json"
-	"os"
-	"path"
-
-	"git.ophivana.moe/security/fortify/internal/fmsg"
-)
-
-type payloadU struct {
-	UserName      string   `json:"userName"`
-	Uid           int      `json:"uid"`
-	Gid           int      `json:"gid"`
-	MemberOf      []string `json:"memberOf,omitempty"`
-	RealName      string   `json:"realName"`
-	HomeDirectory string   `json:"homeDirectory"`
-	Shell         string   `json:"shell"`
-}
-
-func writeUser(userName string, uid int, us string, realName, homeDirectory, shell string, out string) {
-	userFileName := userName + ".user"
-	if f, err := os.OpenFile(path.Join(out, userFileName), os.O_WRONLY|os.O_CREATE|os.O_TRUNC, 0644); err != nil {
-		fmsg.Fatalf("cannot create %s: %v", userName, err)
-	} else if err = json.NewEncoder(f).Encode(&payloadU{
-		UserName:      userName,
-		Uid:           uid,
-		Gid:           uid,
-		RealName:      realName,
-		HomeDirectory: homeDirectory,
-		Shell:         shell,
-	}); err != nil {
-		fmsg.Fatalf("cannot serialise %s: %v", userName, err)
-	} else if err = f.Close(); err != nil {
-		fmsg.Printf("cannot close %s: %v", userName, err)
-	}
-	if err := os.Symlink(userFileName, path.Join(out, us+".user")); err != nil {
-		fmsg.Fatalf("cannot link %s: %v", userName, err)
-	}
-}
-
-type payloadG struct {
-	GroupName string   `json:"groupName"`
-	Gid       int      `json:"gid"`
-	Members   []string `json:"members,omitempty"`
-}
-
-func writeGroup(groupName string, gid int, gs string, members []string, out string) {
-	groupFileName := groupName + ".group"
-	if f, err := os.OpenFile(path.Join(out, groupFileName), os.O_WRONLY|os.O_CREATE|os.O_TRUNC, 0644); err != nil {
-		fmsg.Fatalf("cannot create %s: %v", groupName, err)
-	} else if err = json.NewEncoder(f).Encode(&payloadG{
-		GroupName: groupName,
-		Gid:       gid,
-		Members:   members,
-	}); err != nil {
-		fmsg.Fatalf("cannot serialise %s: %v", groupName, err)
-	} else if err = f.Close(); err != nil {
-		fmsg.Printf("cannot close %s: %v", groupName, err)
-	}
-	if err := os.Symlink(groupFileName, path.Join(out, gs+".group")); err != nil {
-		fmsg.Fatalf("cannot link %s: %v", groupName, err)
-	}
-}
--- a/config.go
+++ b/config.go
@ -0,0 +1,135 @@
+package main
+
+import (
+	"encoding/json"
+	"flag"
+	"fmt"
+
+	"git.ophivana.moe/security/fortify/dbus"
+	"git.ophivana.moe/security/fortify/internal/app"
+	"git.ophivana.moe/security/fortify/internal/fmsg"
+	"git.ophivana.moe/security/fortify/internal/system"
+)
+
+var (
+	printTemplate bool
+
+	confPath string
+
+	dbusConfigSession string
+	dbusConfigSystem  string
+	dbusID            string
+	mpris             bool
+	dbusVerbose       bool
+
+	userName    string
+	enablements [system.ELen]bool
+
+	launchMethodText string
+)
+
+func init() {
+	flag.BoolVar(&printTemplate, "template", false, "Print a full config template and exit")
+
+	// config file, disables every other flag here
+	flag.StringVar(&confPath, "c", "nil", "Path to full app configuration, or \"nil\" to configure from flags")
+
+	flag.StringVar(&dbusConfigSession, "dbus-config", "builtin", "Path to D-Bus proxy config file, or \"builtin\" for defaults")
+	flag.StringVar(&dbusConfigSystem, "dbus-system", "nil", "Path to system D-Bus proxy config file, or \"nil\" to disable")
+	flag.StringVar(&dbusID, "dbus-id", "", "D-Bus ID of application, leave empty to disable own paths, has no effect if custom config is available")
+	flag.BoolVar(&mpris, "mpris", false, "Allow owning MPRIS D-Bus path, has no effect if custom config is available")
+	flag.BoolVar(&dbusVerbose, "dbus-log", false, "Force logging in the D-Bus proxy")
+
+	flag.StringVar(&userName, "u", "chronos", "Passwd name of user to run as")
+	flag.BoolVar(&enablements[system.EWayland], "wayland", false, "Share Wayland socket")
+	flag.BoolVar(&enablements[system.EX11], "X", false, "Share X11 socket and allow connection")
+	flag.BoolVar(&enablements[system.EDBus], "dbus", false, "Proxy D-Bus connection")
+	flag.BoolVar(&enablements[system.EPulse], "pulse", false, "Share PulseAudio socket and cookie")
+}
+
+func init() {
+	methodHelpString := "Method of launching the child process, can be one of \"sudo\""
+	if os.SdBooted() {
+		methodHelpString += ", \"systemd\""
+	}
+
+	flag.StringVar(&launchMethodText, "method", "sudo", methodHelpString)
+}
+
+func tryTemplate() {
+	if printTemplate {
+		if s, err := json.MarshalIndent(app.Template(), "", "  "); err != nil {
+			fmsg.Fatalf("cannot generate template: %v", err)
+			panic("unreachable")
+		} else {
+			fmt.Println(string(s))
+		}
+		fmsg.Exit(0)
+	}
+}
+
+func loadConfig() *app.Config {
+	if confPath == "nil" {
+		// config from flags
+		return configFromFlags()
+	} else {
+		// config from file
+		c := new(app.Config)
+		if f, err := os.Open(confPath); err != nil {
+			fmsg.Fatalf("cannot access config file %q: %s", confPath, err)
+			panic("unreachable")
+		} else if err = json.NewDecoder(f).Decode(&c); err != nil {
+			fmsg.Fatalf("cannot parse config file %q: %s", confPath, err)
+			panic("unreachable")
+		} else {
+			return c
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func configFromFlags() (config *app.Config) {
+	// initialise config from flags
+	config = &app.Config{
+		ID:      dbusID,
+		User:    userName,
+		Command: flag.Args(),
+		Method:  launchMethodText,
+	}
+
+	// enablements from flags
+	for i := system.Enablement(0); i < system.Enablement(system.ELen); i++ {
+		if enablements[i] {
+			config.Confinement.Enablements.Set(i)
+		}
+	}
+
+	// parse D-Bus config file from flags if applicable
+	if enablements[system.EDBus] {
+		if dbusConfigSession == "builtin" {
+			config.Confinement.SessionBus = dbus.NewConfig(dbusID, true, mpris)
+		} else {
+			if c, err := dbus.NewConfigFromFile(dbusConfigSession); err != nil {
+				fmsg.Fatalf("cannot load session bus proxy config from %q: %s", dbusConfigSession, err)
+			} else {
+				config.Confinement.SessionBus = c
+			}
+		}
+
+		// system bus proxy is optional
+		if dbusConfigSystem != "nil" {
+			if c, err := dbus.NewConfigFromFile(dbusConfigSystem); err != nil {
+				fmsg.Fatalf("cannot load system bus proxy config from %q: %s", dbusConfigSystem, err)
+			} else {
+				config.Confinement.SystemBus = c
+			}
+		}
+
+		// override log from configuration
+		if dbusVerbose {
+			config.Confinement.SessionBus.Log = true
+			config.Confinement.SystemBus.Log = true
+		}
+	}
+
+	return
+}
--- a/dbus/dbus.go
+++ b/dbus/dbus.go
@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-// Package dbus wraps xdg-dbus-proxy and implements configuration and sandboxing of the underlying helper process.
 package dbus

 import (
--- a/flake.nix
+++ b/flake.nix
@ -42,33 +42,6 @@
            with nixpkgsFor.${system};
            self.packages.${system}.fortify.buildInputs ++ [ self.packages.${system}.fortify ];
        };
-
-        generateDoc =
-          let
-            pkgs = nixpkgsFor.${system};
-            inherit (pkgs) lib;
-
-            doc =
-              let
-                eval = lib.evalModules {
-                  specialArgs = {
-                    inherit pkgs;
-                  };
-                  modules = [ ./options.nix ];
-                };
-                cleanEval = lib.filterAttrsRecursive (n: v: n != "_module") eval;
-              in
-              pkgs.nixosOptionsDoc { inherit (cleanEval) options; };
-            docText = pkgs.runCommand "fortify-module-docs.md" { } ''
-              cat ${doc.optionsCommonMark} > $out
-              sed -i '/*Declared by:*/,+1 d' $out
-            '';
-          in
-          nixpkgsFor.${system}.mkShell {
-            shellHook = ''
-              exec cat ${docText} > options.md
-            '';
-          };
      });
    };
 }
--- a/helper/helper.go
+++ b/helper/helper.go
@ -1,4 +1,6 @@
-// Package helper runs external helpers with optional sandboxing and manages their status/args pipes.
+/*
+Package helper runs external helpers and manages their status and args FDs.
+*/
 package helper

 import (
--- a/internal/app/app.go
+++ b/internal/app/app.go
@ -3,8 +3,8 @@ package app
 import (
 	"sync"

-	"git.ophivana.moe/security/fortify/cmd/fshim/ipc/shim"
-	"git.ophivana.moe/security/fortify/internal/linux"
+	"git.ophivana.moe/security/fortify/internal"
+	"git.ophivana.moe/security/fortify/internal/shim"
 )

 type App interface {
@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ type app struct {
 	// application unique identifier
 	id *ID
 	// operating system interface
-	os linux.System
+	os internal.System
 	// shim process manager
 	shim *shim.Shim
 	// child process related information
@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ func (a *app) String() string {
 	}

 	if a.seal != nil {
-		return "(sealed fortified app as uid " + a.seal.sys.user.us + ")"
+		return "(sealed fortified app as uid " + a.seal.sys.user.Uid + ")"
 	}

 	return "(unsealed fortified app)"
@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ func (a *app) WaitErr() error {
 	return a.waitErr
 }

-func New(os linux.System) (App, error) {
+func New(os internal.System) (App, error) {
 	a := new(app)
 	a.id = new(ID)
 	a.os = os
--- a/internal/app/app_nixos_test.go
+++ b/internal/app/app_nixos_test.go
@ -2,7 +2,6 @@ package app_test

 import (
 	"fmt"
-	"io"
 	"io/fs"
 	"os/user"
 	"strconv"
@ -10,8 +9,8 @@ import (
 	"git.ophivana.moe/security/fortify/acl"
 	"git.ophivana.moe/security/fortify/dbus"
 	"git.ophivana.moe/security/fortify/helper/bwrap"
+	"git.ophivana.moe/security/fortify/internal"
 	"git.ophivana.moe/security/fortify/internal/app"
-	"git.ophivana.moe/security/fortify/internal/linux"
 	"git.ophivana.moe/security/fortify/internal/system"
 )

@ -19,12 +18,9 @@ var testCasesNixos = []sealTestCase{
 	{
 		"nixos permissive defaults no enablements", new(stubNixOS),
 		&app.Config{
+			User:    "chronos",
 			Command: make([]string, 0),
-			Confinement: app.ConfinementConfig{
-				AppID:    0,
-				Username: "chronos",
-				Outer:    "/home/chronos",
-			},
+			Method:  "sudo",
 		},
 		app.ID{
 			0x4a, 0x45, 0x0b, 0x65,
@ -32,11 +28,11 @@ var testCasesNixos = []sealTestCase{
 			0xbd, 0x01, 0x78, 0x0e,
 			0xb9, 0xa6, 0x07, 0xac,
 		},
-		system.New(1000000).
-			Ensure("/tmp/fortify.1971", 0711).
-			Ephemeral(system.Process, "/tmp/fortify.1971/4a450b6596d7bc15bd01780eb9a607ac", 0711).
+		system.New(150).
+			Ensure("/tmp/fortify.1971", 0701).
+			Ephemeral(system.Process, "/tmp/fortify.1971/4a450b6596d7bc15bd01780eb9a607ac", 0701).
 			Ensure("/tmp/fortify.1971/tmpdir", 0700).UpdatePermType(system.User, "/tmp/fortify.1971/tmpdir", acl.Execute).
-			Ensure("/tmp/fortify.1971/tmpdir/0", 01700).UpdatePermType(system.User, "/tmp/fortify.1971/tmpdir/0", acl.Read, acl.Write, acl.Execute).
+			Ensure("/tmp/fortify.1971/tmpdir/150", 01700).UpdatePermType(system.User, "/tmp/fortify.1971/tmpdir/150", acl.Read, acl.Write, acl.Execute).
 			Ensure("/run/user/1971/fortify", 0700).UpdatePermType(system.User, "/run/user/1971/fortify", acl.Execute).
 			Ensure("/run/user/1971", 0700).UpdatePermType(system.User, "/run/user/1971", acl.Execute). // this is ordered as is because the previous Ensure only calls mkdir if XDG_RUNTIME_DIR is unset
 			Ephemeral(system.Process, "/run/user/1971/fortify/4a450b6596d7bc15bd01780eb9a607ac", 0700).UpdatePermType(system.Process, "/run/user/1971/fortify/4a450b6596d7bc15bd01780eb9a607ac", acl.Execute).
@ -46,24 +42,23 @@ var testCasesNixos = []sealTestCase{
 			Net:      true,
 			UserNS:   true,
 			Clearenv: true,
-			Chdir:    "/home/chronos",
 			SetEnv: map[string]string{
 				"HOME":              "/home/chronos",
 				"SHELL":             "/run/current-system/sw/bin/zsh",
 				"TERM":              "xterm-256color",
 				"USER":              "chronos",
-				"XDG_RUNTIME_DIR":   "/run/user/65534",
+				"XDG_RUNTIME_DIR":   "/run/user/150",
 				"XDG_SESSION_CLASS": "user",
 				"XDG_SESSION_TYPE":  "tty"},
 			Chmod:         make(bwrap.ChmodConfig),
 			DieWithParent: true,
 			AsInit:        true,
 		}).SetUID(65534).SetGID(65534).
-			Procfs("/proc").
-			Tmpfs("/fortify", 4096).
-			DevTmpfs("/dev").Mqueue("/dev/mqueue").
+			Procfs("/proc").DevTmpfs("/dev").Mqueue("/dev/mqueue").
+			Tmpfs("/dev/fortify", 4096).
 			Bind("/bin", "/bin", false, true).
 			Bind("/boot", "/boot", false, true).
+			Bind("/etc", "/dev/fortify/etc").
 			Bind("/home", "/home", false, true).
 			Bind("/lib", "/lib", false, true).
 			Bind("/lib64", "/lib64", false, true).
@ -107,90 +102,88 @@ var testCasesNixos = []sealTestCase{
 			Bind("/run/wrappers", "/run/wrappers", false, true).
 			Bind("/run/zed.pid", "/run/zed.pid", false, true).
 			Bind("/run/zed.state", "/run/zed.state", false, true).
-			Bind("/etc", "/fortify/etc").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/alsa", "/etc/alsa").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/bashrc", "/etc/bashrc").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/binfmt.d", "/etc/binfmt.d").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/dbus-1", "/etc/dbus-1").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/default", "/etc/default").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/ethertypes", "/etc/ethertypes").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/fonts", "/etc/fonts").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/fstab", "/etc/fstab").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/fuse.conf", "/etc/fuse.conf").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/host.conf", "/etc/host.conf").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/hostid", "/etc/hostid").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/hostname", "/etc/hostname").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/hostname.CHECKSUM", "/etc/hostname.CHECKSUM").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/hosts", "/etc/hosts").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/inputrc", "/etc/inputrc").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/ipsec.d", "/etc/ipsec.d").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/issue", "/etc/issue").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/kbd", "/etc/kbd").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/libblockdev", "/etc/libblockdev").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/locale.conf", "/etc/locale.conf").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/localtime", "/etc/localtime").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/login.defs", "/etc/login.defs").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/lsb-release", "/etc/lsb-release").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/lvm", "/etc/lvm").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/machine-id", "/etc/machine-id").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/man_db.conf", "/etc/man_db.conf").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/modprobe.d", "/etc/modprobe.d").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/modules-load.d", "/etc/modules-load.d").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/alsa", "/etc/alsa").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/bashrc", "/etc/bashrc").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/binfmt.d", "/etc/binfmt.d").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/dbus-1", "/etc/dbus-1").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/default", "/etc/default").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/ethertypes", "/etc/ethertypes").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/fonts", "/etc/fonts").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/fstab", "/etc/fstab").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/fuse.conf", "/etc/fuse.conf").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/host.conf", "/etc/host.conf").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/hostid", "/etc/hostid").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/hostname", "/etc/hostname").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/hostname.CHECKSUM", "/etc/hostname.CHECKSUM").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/hosts", "/etc/hosts").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/inputrc", "/etc/inputrc").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/ipsec.d", "/etc/ipsec.d").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/issue", "/etc/issue").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/kbd", "/etc/kbd").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/libblockdev", "/etc/libblockdev").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/locale.conf", "/etc/locale.conf").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/localtime", "/etc/localtime").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/login.defs", "/etc/login.defs").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/lsb-release", "/etc/lsb-release").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/lvm", "/etc/lvm").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/machine-id", "/etc/machine-id").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/man_db.conf", "/etc/man_db.conf").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/modprobe.d", "/etc/modprobe.d").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/modules-load.d", "/etc/modules-load.d").
 			Symlink("/proc/mounts", "/etc/mtab").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/nanorc", "/etc/nanorc").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/netgroup", "/etc/netgroup").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/NetworkManager", "/etc/NetworkManager").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/nix", "/etc/nix").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/nixos", "/etc/nixos").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/NIXOS", "/etc/NIXOS").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/nscd.conf", "/etc/nscd.conf").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/nsswitch.conf", "/etc/nsswitch.conf").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/opensnitchd", "/etc/opensnitchd").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/os-release", "/etc/os-release").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/pam", "/etc/pam").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/pam.d", "/etc/pam.d").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/pipewire", "/etc/pipewire").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/pki", "/etc/pki").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/polkit-1", "/etc/polkit-1").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/profile", "/etc/profile").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/protocols", "/etc/protocols").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/qemu", "/etc/qemu").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/resolv.conf", "/etc/resolv.conf").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/resolvconf.conf", "/etc/resolvconf.conf").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/rpc", "/etc/rpc").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/samba", "/etc/samba").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/sddm.conf", "/etc/sddm.conf").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/secureboot", "/etc/secureboot").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/services", "/etc/services").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/set-environment", "/etc/set-environment").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/shadow", "/etc/shadow").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/shells", "/etc/shells").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/ssh", "/etc/ssh").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/ssl", "/etc/ssl").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/static", "/etc/static").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/subgid", "/etc/subgid").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/subuid", "/etc/subuid").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/sudoers", "/etc/sudoers").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/sysctl.d", "/etc/sysctl.d").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/systemd", "/etc/systemd").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/terminfo", "/etc/terminfo").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/tmpfiles.d", "/etc/tmpfiles.d").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/udev", "/etc/udev").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/udisks2", "/etc/udisks2").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/UPower", "/etc/UPower").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/vconsole.conf", "/etc/vconsole.conf").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/X11", "/etc/X11").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/zfs", "/etc/zfs").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/zinputrc", "/etc/zinputrc").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/zoneinfo", "/etc/zoneinfo").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/zprofile", "/etc/zprofile").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/zshenv", "/etc/zshenv").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/zshrc", "/etc/zshrc").
-			Bind("/tmp/fortify.1971/tmpdir/0", "/tmp", false, true).
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/nanorc", "/etc/nanorc").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/netgroup", "/etc/netgroup").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/NetworkManager", "/etc/NetworkManager").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/nix", "/etc/nix").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/nixos", "/etc/nixos").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/NIXOS", "/etc/NIXOS").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/nscd.conf", "/etc/nscd.conf").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/nsswitch.conf", "/etc/nsswitch.conf").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/opensnitchd", "/etc/opensnitchd").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/os-release", "/etc/os-release").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/pam", "/etc/pam").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/pam.d", "/etc/pam.d").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/pipewire", "/etc/pipewire").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/pki", "/etc/pki").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/polkit-1", "/etc/polkit-1").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/profile", "/etc/profile").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/protocols", "/etc/protocols").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/qemu", "/etc/qemu").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/resolv.conf", "/etc/resolv.conf").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/resolvconf.conf", "/etc/resolvconf.conf").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/rpc", "/etc/rpc").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/samba", "/etc/samba").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/sddm.conf", "/etc/sddm.conf").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/secureboot", "/etc/secureboot").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/services", "/etc/services").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/set-environment", "/etc/set-environment").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/shadow", "/etc/shadow").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/shells", "/etc/shells").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/ssh", "/etc/ssh").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/ssl", "/etc/ssl").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/static", "/etc/static").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/subgid", "/etc/subgid").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/subuid", "/etc/subuid").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/sudoers", "/etc/sudoers").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/sysctl.d", "/etc/sysctl.d").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/systemd", "/etc/systemd").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/terminfo", "/etc/terminfo").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/tmpfiles.d", "/etc/tmpfiles.d").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/udev", "/etc/udev").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/udisks2", "/etc/udisks2").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/UPower", "/etc/UPower").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/vconsole.conf", "/etc/vconsole.conf").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/X11", "/etc/X11").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/zfs", "/etc/zfs").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/zinputrc", "/etc/zinputrc").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/zoneinfo", "/etc/zoneinfo").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/zprofile", "/etc/zprofile").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/zshenv", "/etc/zshenv").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/zshrc", "/etc/zshrc").
+			Bind("/tmp/fortify.1971/tmpdir/150", "/tmp", false, true).
 			Tmpfs("/tmp/fortify.1971", 1048576).
 			Tmpfs("/run/user", 1048576).
-			Tmpfs("/run/user/65534", 8388608).
-			Bind("/home/chronos", "/home/chronos", false, true).
+			Tmpfs("/run/user/150", 8388608).
 			Bind("/tmp/fortify.1971/4a450b6596d7bc15bd01780eb9a607ac/passwd", "/etc/passwd").
 			Bind("/tmp/fortify.1971/4a450b6596d7bc15bd01780eb9a607ac/group", "/etc/group").
 			Tmpfs("/var/run/nscd", 8192),
@ -199,12 +192,9 @@ var testCasesNixos = []sealTestCase{
 		"nixos permissive defaults chromium", new(stubNixOS),
 		&app.Config{
 			ID:      "org.chromium.Chromium",
+			User:    "chronos",
 			Command: []string{"/run/current-system/sw/bin/zsh", "-c", "exec chromium "},
 			Confinement: app.ConfinementConfig{
-				AppID:    9,
-				Groups:   []string{"video"},
-				Username: "chronos",
-				Outer:    "/home/chronos",
 				SessionBus: &dbus.Config{
 					Talk: []string{
 						"org.freedesktop.Notifications",
@ -238,6 +228,7 @@ var testCasesNixos = []sealTestCase{
 				},
 				Enablements: system.EWayland.Mask() | system.EDBus.Mask() | system.EPulse.Mask(),
 			},
+			Method: "systemd",
 		},
 		app.ID{
 			0xeb, 0xf0, 0x83, 0xd1,
@ -245,11 +236,11 @@ var testCasesNixos = []sealTestCase{
 			0x82, 0xd4, 0x13, 0x36,
 			0x9b, 0x64, 0xce, 0x7c,
 		},
-		system.New(1000009).
-			Ensure("/tmp/fortify.1971", 0711).
-			Ephemeral(system.Process, "/tmp/fortify.1971/ebf083d1b175911782d413369b64ce7c", 0711).
+		system.New(150).
+			Ensure("/tmp/fortify.1971", 0701).
+			Ephemeral(system.Process, "/tmp/fortify.1971/ebf083d1b175911782d413369b64ce7c", 0701).
 			Ensure("/tmp/fortify.1971/tmpdir", 0700).UpdatePermType(system.User, "/tmp/fortify.1971/tmpdir", acl.Execute).
-			Ensure("/tmp/fortify.1971/tmpdir/9", 01700).UpdatePermType(system.User, "/tmp/fortify.1971/tmpdir/9", acl.Read, acl.Write, acl.Execute).
+			Ensure("/tmp/fortify.1971/tmpdir/150", 01700).UpdatePermType(system.User, "/tmp/fortify.1971/tmpdir/150", acl.Read, acl.Write, acl.Execute).
 			Ensure("/run/user/1971/fortify", 0700).UpdatePermType(system.User, "/run/user/1971/fortify", acl.Execute).
 			Ensure("/run/user/1971", 0700).UpdatePermType(system.User, "/run/user/1971", acl.Execute). // this is ordered as is because the previous Ensure only calls mkdir if XDG_RUNTIME_DIR is unset
 			Ephemeral(system.Process, "/run/user/1971/fortify/ebf083d1b175911782d413369b64ce7c", 0700).UpdatePermType(system.Process, "/run/user/1971/fortify/ebf083d1b175911782d413369b64ce7c", acl.Execute).
@ -294,19 +285,18 @@ var testCasesNixos = []sealTestCase{
 		(&bwrap.Config{
 			Net:      true,
 			UserNS:   true,
-			Chdir:    "/home/chronos",
 			Clearenv: true,
 			SetEnv: map[string]string{
-				"DBUS_SESSION_BUS_ADDRESS": "unix:path=/run/user/65534/bus",
+				"DBUS_SESSION_BUS_ADDRESS": "unix:path=/run/user/150/bus",
 				"DBUS_SYSTEM_BUS_ADDRESS":  "unix:path=/run/dbus/system_bus_socket",
 				"HOME":                     "/home/chronos",
 				"PULSE_COOKIE":             "/tmp/fortify.1971/ebf083d1b175911782d413369b64ce7c/pulse-cookie",
-				"PULSE_SERVER":             "unix:/run/user/65534/pulse/native",
+				"PULSE_SERVER":             "unix:/run/user/150/pulse/native",
 				"SHELL":                    "/run/current-system/sw/bin/zsh",
 				"TERM":                     "xterm-256color",
 				"USER":                     "chronos",
-				"WAYLAND_DISPLAY":          "/run/user/65534/wayland-0",
-				"XDG_RUNTIME_DIR":          "/run/user/65534",
+				"WAYLAND_DISPLAY":          "/run/user/150/wayland-0",
+				"XDG_RUNTIME_DIR":          "/run/user/150",
 				"XDG_SESSION_CLASS":        "user",
 				"XDG_SESSION_TYPE":         "tty",
 			},
@ -314,11 +304,11 @@ var testCasesNixos = []sealTestCase{
 			DieWithParent: true,
 			AsInit:        true,
 		}).SetUID(65534).SetGID(65534).
-			Procfs("/proc").
-			Tmpfs("/fortify", 4096).
-			DevTmpfs("/dev").Mqueue("/dev/mqueue").
+			Procfs("/proc").DevTmpfs("/dev").Mqueue("/dev/mqueue").
+			Tmpfs("/dev/fortify", 4096).
 			Bind("/bin", "/bin", false, true).
 			Bind("/boot", "/boot", false, true).
+			Bind("/etc", "/dev/fortify/etc").
 			Bind("/home", "/home", false, true).
 			Bind("/lib", "/lib", false, true).
 			Bind("/lib64", "/lib64", false, true).
@ -363,96 +353,94 @@ var testCasesNixos = []sealTestCase{
 			Bind("/run/zed.pid", "/run/zed.pid", false, true).
 			Bind("/run/zed.state", "/run/zed.state", false, true).
 			Bind("/dev/dri", "/dev/dri", true, true, true).
-			Bind("/etc", "/fortify/etc").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/alsa", "/etc/alsa").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/bashrc", "/etc/bashrc").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/binfmt.d", "/etc/binfmt.d").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/dbus-1", "/etc/dbus-1").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/default", "/etc/default").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/ethertypes", "/etc/ethertypes").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/fonts", "/etc/fonts").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/fstab", "/etc/fstab").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/fuse.conf", "/etc/fuse.conf").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/host.conf", "/etc/host.conf").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/hostid", "/etc/hostid").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/hostname", "/etc/hostname").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/hostname.CHECKSUM", "/etc/hostname.CHECKSUM").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/hosts", "/etc/hosts").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/inputrc", "/etc/inputrc").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/ipsec.d", "/etc/ipsec.d").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/issue", "/etc/issue").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/kbd", "/etc/kbd").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/libblockdev", "/etc/libblockdev").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/locale.conf", "/etc/locale.conf").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/localtime", "/etc/localtime").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/login.defs", "/etc/login.defs").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/lsb-release", "/etc/lsb-release").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/lvm", "/etc/lvm").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/machine-id", "/etc/machine-id").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/man_db.conf", "/etc/man_db.conf").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/modprobe.d", "/etc/modprobe.d").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/modules-load.d", "/etc/modules-load.d").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/alsa", "/etc/alsa").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/bashrc", "/etc/bashrc").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/binfmt.d", "/etc/binfmt.d").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/dbus-1", "/etc/dbus-1").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/default", "/etc/default").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/ethertypes", "/etc/ethertypes").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/fonts", "/etc/fonts").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/fstab", "/etc/fstab").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/fuse.conf", "/etc/fuse.conf").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/host.conf", "/etc/host.conf").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/hostid", "/etc/hostid").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/hostname", "/etc/hostname").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/hostname.CHECKSUM", "/etc/hostname.CHECKSUM").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/hosts", "/etc/hosts").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/inputrc", "/etc/inputrc").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/ipsec.d", "/etc/ipsec.d").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/issue", "/etc/issue").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/kbd", "/etc/kbd").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/libblockdev", "/etc/libblockdev").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/locale.conf", "/etc/locale.conf").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/localtime", "/etc/localtime").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/login.defs", "/etc/login.defs").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/lsb-release", "/etc/lsb-release").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/lvm", "/etc/lvm").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/machine-id", "/etc/machine-id").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/man_db.conf", "/etc/man_db.conf").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/modprobe.d", "/etc/modprobe.d").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/modules-load.d", "/etc/modules-load.d").
 			Symlink("/proc/mounts", "/etc/mtab").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/nanorc", "/etc/nanorc").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/netgroup", "/etc/netgroup").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/NetworkManager", "/etc/NetworkManager").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/nix", "/etc/nix").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/nixos", "/etc/nixos").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/NIXOS", "/etc/NIXOS").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/nscd.conf", "/etc/nscd.conf").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/nsswitch.conf", "/etc/nsswitch.conf").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/opensnitchd", "/etc/opensnitchd").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/os-release", "/etc/os-release").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/pam", "/etc/pam").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/pam.d", "/etc/pam.d").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/pipewire", "/etc/pipewire").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/pki", "/etc/pki").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/polkit-1", "/etc/polkit-1").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/profile", "/etc/profile").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/protocols", "/etc/protocols").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/qemu", "/etc/qemu").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/resolv.conf", "/etc/resolv.conf").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/resolvconf.conf", "/etc/resolvconf.conf").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/rpc", "/etc/rpc").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/samba", "/etc/samba").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/sddm.conf", "/etc/sddm.conf").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/secureboot", "/etc/secureboot").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/services", "/etc/services").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/set-environment", "/etc/set-environment").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/shadow", "/etc/shadow").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/shells", "/etc/shells").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/ssh", "/etc/ssh").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/ssl", "/etc/ssl").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/static", "/etc/static").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/subgid", "/etc/subgid").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/subuid", "/etc/subuid").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/sudoers", "/etc/sudoers").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/sysctl.d", "/etc/sysctl.d").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/systemd", "/etc/systemd").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/terminfo", "/etc/terminfo").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/tmpfiles.d", "/etc/tmpfiles.d").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/udev", "/etc/udev").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/udisks2", "/etc/udisks2").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/UPower", "/etc/UPower").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/vconsole.conf", "/etc/vconsole.conf").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/X11", "/etc/X11").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/zfs", "/etc/zfs").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/zinputrc", "/etc/zinputrc").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/zoneinfo", "/etc/zoneinfo").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/zprofile", "/etc/zprofile").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/zshenv", "/etc/zshenv").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/zshrc", "/etc/zshrc").
-			Bind("/tmp/fortify.1971/tmpdir/9", "/tmp", false, true).
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/nanorc", "/etc/nanorc").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/netgroup", "/etc/netgroup").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/NetworkManager", "/etc/NetworkManager").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/nix", "/etc/nix").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/nixos", "/etc/nixos").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/NIXOS", "/etc/NIXOS").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/nscd.conf", "/etc/nscd.conf").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/nsswitch.conf", "/etc/nsswitch.conf").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/opensnitchd", "/etc/opensnitchd").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/os-release", "/etc/os-release").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/pam", "/etc/pam").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/pam.d", "/etc/pam.d").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/pipewire", "/etc/pipewire").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/pki", "/etc/pki").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/polkit-1", "/etc/polkit-1").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/profile", "/etc/profile").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/protocols", "/etc/protocols").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/qemu", "/etc/qemu").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/resolv.conf", "/etc/resolv.conf").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/resolvconf.conf", "/etc/resolvconf.conf").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/rpc", "/etc/rpc").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/samba", "/etc/samba").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/sddm.conf", "/etc/sddm.conf").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/secureboot", "/etc/secureboot").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/services", "/etc/services").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/set-environment", "/etc/set-environment").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/shadow", "/etc/shadow").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/shells", "/etc/shells").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/ssh", "/etc/ssh").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/ssl", "/etc/ssl").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/static", "/etc/static").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/subgid", "/etc/subgid").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/subuid", "/etc/subuid").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/sudoers", "/etc/sudoers").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/sysctl.d", "/etc/sysctl.d").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/systemd", "/etc/systemd").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/terminfo", "/etc/terminfo").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/tmpfiles.d", "/etc/tmpfiles.d").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/udev", "/etc/udev").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/udisks2", "/etc/udisks2").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/UPower", "/etc/UPower").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/vconsole.conf", "/etc/vconsole.conf").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/X11", "/etc/X11").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/zfs", "/etc/zfs").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/zinputrc", "/etc/zinputrc").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/zoneinfo", "/etc/zoneinfo").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/zprofile", "/etc/zprofile").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/zshenv", "/etc/zshenv").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/zshrc", "/etc/zshrc").
+			Bind("/tmp/fortify.1971/tmpdir/150", "/tmp", false, true).
 			Tmpfs("/tmp/fortify.1971", 1048576).
 			Tmpfs("/run/user", 1048576).
-			Tmpfs("/run/user/65534", 8388608).
-			Bind("/home/chronos", "/home/chronos", false, true).
+			Tmpfs("/run/user/150", 8388608).
 			Bind("/tmp/fortify.1971/ebf083d1b175911782d413369b64ce7c/passwd", "/etc/passwd").
 			Bind("/tmp/fortify.1971/ebf083d1b175911782d413369b64ce7c/group", "/etc/group").
-			Bind("/run/user/1971/fortify/ebf083d1b175911782d413369b64ce7c/wayland", "/run/user/65534/wayland-0").
-			Bind("/run/user/1971/fortify/ebf083d1b175911782d413369b64ce7c/pulse", "/run/user/65534/pulse/native").
+			Bind("/run/user/1971/fortify/ebf083d1b175911782d413369b64ce7c/wayland", "/run/user/150/wayland-0").
+			Bind("/run/user/1971/fortify/ebf083d1b175911782d413369b64ce7c/pulse", "/run/user/150/pulse/native").
 			Bind("/tmp/fortify.1971/ebf083d1b175911782d413369b64ce7c/pulse-cookie", "/tmp/fortify.1971/ebf083d1b175911782d413369b64ce7c/pulse-cookie").
-			Bind("/tmp/fortify.1971/ebf083d1b175911782d413369b64ce7c/bus", "/run/user/65534/bus").
+			Bind("/tmp/fortify.1971/ebf083d1b175911782d413369b64ce7c/bus", "/run/user/150/bus").
 			Bind("/tmp/fortify.1971/ebf083d1b175911782d413369b64ce7c/system_bus_socket", "/run/dbus/system_bus_socket").
 			Tmpfs("/var/run/nscd", 8192),
 	},
@ -513,12 +501,23 @@ func (s *stubNixOS) Executable() (string, error) {
 	return "/home/ophestra/.nix-profile/bin/fortify", nil
 }

-func (s *stubNixOS) LookupGroup(name string) (*user.Group, error) {
-	switch name {
-	case "video":
-		return &user.Group{Gid: "26", Name: "video"}, nil
+func (s *stubNixOS) Lookup(username string) (*user.User, error) {
+	if s.usernameErr != nil {
+		if err, ok := s.usernameErr[username]; ok {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+	}
+
+	switch username {
+	case "chronos":
+		return &user.User{
+			Uid:      "150",
+			Gid:      "101",
+			Username: "chronos",
+			HomeDir:  "/home/chronos",
+		}, nil
 	default:
-		return nil, user.UnknownGroupError(name)
+		return nil, user.UnknownUserError(username)
 	}
 }

@ -580,22 +579,14 @@ func (s *stubNixOS) Exit(code int) {
 	panic("called exit on stub with code " + strconv.Itoa(code))
 }

-func (s *stubNixOS) Stdout() io.Writer {
-	panic("requested stdout")
-}
-
-func (s *stubNixOS) Paths() linux.Paths {
-	return linux.Paths{
+func (s *stubNixOS) Paths() internal.Paths {
+	return internal.Paths{
 		SharePath:   "/tmp/fortify.1971",
 		RuntimePath: "/run/user/1971",
 		RunDirPath:  "/run/user/1971/fortify",
 	}
 }

-func (s *stubNixOS) Uid(aid int) (int, error) {
-	return 1000000 + 0*10000 + aid, nil
-}
-
 func (s *stubNixOS) SdBooted() bool {
 	return true
 }
--- a/internal/app/app_test.go
+++ b/internal/app/app_test.go
@ -7,14 +7,14 @@ import (
 	"time"

 	"git.ophivana.moe/security/fortify/helper/bwrap"
+	"git.ophivana.moe/security/fortify/internal"
 	"git.ophivana.moe/security/fortify/internal/app"
-	"git.ophivana.moe/security/fortify/internal/linux"
 	"git.ophivana.moe/security/fortify/internal/system"
 )

 type sealTestCase struct {
 	name      string
-	os        linux.System
+	os        internal.System
 	config    *app.Config
 	id        app.ID
 	wantSys   *system.I
--- a/internal/app/config.go
+++ b/internal/app/config.go
@ -1,22 +1,23 @@
 package app

 import (
-	"errors"
+	"os"

 	"git.ophivana.moe/security/fortify/dbus"
 	"git.ophivana.moe/security/fortify/helper/bwrap"
-	"git.ophivana.moe/security/fortify/internal/linux"
 	"git.ophivana.moe/security/fortify/internal/system"
 )

-const fTmp = "/fortify"
-
 // Config is used to seal an *App
 type Config struct {
 	// D-Bus application ID
 	ID string `json:"id"`
+	// username of the target user to switch to
+	User string `json:"user"`
 	// value passed through to the child process as its argv
 	Command []string `json:"command"`
+	// string representation of the child's launch method
+	Method string `json:"method"`

 	// child confinement configuration
 	Confinement ConfinementConfig `json:"confinement"`
@ -24,16 +25,6 @@ type Config struct {

 // ConfinementConfig defines fortified child's confinement
 type ConfinementConfig struct {
-	// numerical application id, determines uid in the init namespace
-	AppID int `json:"app_id"`
-	// list of supplementary groups to inherit
-	Groups []string `json:"groups"`
-	// passwd username in the sandbox, defaults to chronos
-	Username string `json:"username,omitempty"`
-	// home directory in sandbox, empty for outer
-	Inner string `json:"home_inner"`
-	// home directory in init namespace
-	Outer string `json:"home"`
 	// bwrap sandbox confinement configuration
 	Sandbox *SandboxConfig `json:"sandbox"`

@ -56,12 +47,8 @@ type SandboxConfig struct {
 	UserNS bool `json:"userns,omitempty"`
 	// share net namespace
 	Net bool `json:"net,omitempty"`
-	// share all devices
-	Dev bool `json:"dev,omitempty"`
 	// do not run in new session
 	NoNewSession bool `json:"no_new_session,omitempty"`
-	// map target user uid to privileged user uid in the user namespace
-	MapRealUID bool `json:"map_real_uid"`
 	// mediated access to wayland socket
 	Wayland bool `json:"wayland,omitempty"`

@ -71,8 +58,6 @@ type SandboxConfig struct {
 	Filesystem []*FilesystemConfig `json:"filesystem"`
 	// symlinks created inside the sandbox
 	Link [][2]string `json:"symlink"`
-	// automatically set up /etc symlinks
-	AutoEtc bool `json:"auto_etc"`
 	// paths to override by mounting tmpfs over them
 	Override []string `json:"override"`
 }
@ -92,16 +77,9 @@ type FilesystemConfig struct {

 // Bwrap returns the address of the corresponding bwrap.Config to s.
 // Note that remaining tmpfs entries must be queued by the caller prior to launch.
-func (s *SandboxConfig) Bwrap(os linux.System) (*bwrap.Config, error) {
+func (s *SandboxConfig) Bwrap() *bwrap.Config {
 	if s == nil {
-		return nil, errors.New("nil sandbox config")
-	}
-
-	var uid int
-	if !s.MapRealUID {
-		uid = 65534
-	} else {
-		uid = os.Geteuid()
+		return nil
 	}

 	conf := (&bwrap.Config{
@ -115,21 +93,11 @@ func (s *SandboxConfig) Bwrap(os linux.System) (*bwrap.Config, error) {
 		AsInit:        true,

 		// initialise map
-		Chmod: make(bwrap.ChmodConfig),
+		Chmod: make(map[string]os.FileMode),
 	}).
-		SetUID(uid).SetGID(uid).
-		Procfs("/proc").
-		Tmpfs(fTmp, 4*1024)
-
-	if !s.Dev {
-		conf.DevTmpfs("/dev").Mqueue("/dev/mqueue")
-	} else {
-		conf.Bind("/dev", "/dev", false, true, true)
-	}
-
-	if !s.AutoEtc {
-		conf.Dir("/etc")
-	}
+		SetUID(65534).SetGID(65534).
+		Procfs("/proc").DevTmpfs("/dev").Mqueue("/dev/mqueue").
+		Tmpfs("/dev/fortify", 4*1024)

 	for _, c := range s.Filesystem {
 		if c == nil {
@ -147,35 +115,14 @@ func (s *SandboxConfig) Bwrap(os linux.System) (*bwrap.Config, error) {
 		conf.Symlink(l[0], l[1])
 	}

-	if s.AutoEtc {
-		conf.Bind("/etc", fTmp+"/etc")
-
-		// link host /etc contents to prevent passwd/group from being overwritten
-		if d, err := os.ReadDir("/etc"); err != nil {
-			return nil, err
-		} else {
-			for _, ent := range d {
-				name := ent.Name()
-				switch name {
-				case "passwd":
-				case "group":
-
-				case "mtab":
-					conf.Symlink("/proc/mounts", "/etc/"+name)
-				default:
-					conf.Symlink(fTmp+"/etc/"+name, "/etc/"+name)
-				}
-			}
-		}
-	}
-
-	return conf, nil
+	return conf
 }

 // Template returns a fully populated instance of Config.
 func Template() *Config {
 	return &Config{
-		ID: "org.chromium.Chromium",
+		ID:   "org.chromium.Chromium",
+		User: "chronos",
 		Command: []string{
 			"chromium",
 			"--ignore-gpu-blocklist",
@ -183,19 +130,13 @@ func Template() *Config {
 			"--enable-features=UseOzonePlatform",
 			"--ozone-platform=wayland",
 		},
+		Method: "sudo",
 		Confinement: ConfinementConfig{
-			AppID:    9,
-			Groups:   []string{"video"},
-			Username: "chronos",
-			Outer:    "/var/lib/persist/home/org.chromium.Chromium",
-			Inner:    "/var/lib/fortify",
 			Sandbox: &SandboxConfig{
 				Hostname:     "localhost",
 				UserNS:       true,
 				Net:          true,
 				NoNewSession: true,
-				MapRealUID:   true,
-				Dev:          true,
 				Wayland:      false,
 				// example API credentials pulled from Google Chrome
 				// DO NOT USE THESE IN A REAL BROWSER
@ -205,15 +146,12 @@ func Template() *Config {
 					"GOOGLE_DEFAULT_CLIENT_SECRET": "OTJgUOQcT7lO7GsGZq2G4IlT",
 				},
 				Filesystem: []*FilesystemConfig{
-					{Src: "/nix/store"},
-					{Src: "/run/current-system"},
-					{Src: "/run/opengl-driver"},
-					{Src: "/var/db/nix-channels"},
-					{Src: "/home/chronos", Write: true, Must: true},
-					{Src: "/dev/dri", Device: true},
+					{Src: "/nix"},
+					{Src: "/storage/emulated/0", Write: true, Must: true},
+					{Src: "/data/user/0", Dst: "/data/data", Write: true, Must: true},
+					{Src: "/var/tmp", Write: true},
 				},
-				Link:     [][2]string{{"/run/user/65534", "/run/user/150"}},
-				AutoEtc:  true,
+				Link:     [][2]string{{"/dev/fortify/etc", "/etc"}},
 				Override: []string{"/var/run/nscd"},
 			},
 			SystemBus: &dbus.Config{
--- a/internal/app/export_test.go
+++ b/internal/app/export_test.go
@ -2,11 +2,11 @@ package app

 import (
 	"git.ophivana.moe/security/fortify/helper/bwrap"
-	"git.ophivana.moe/security/fortify/internal/linux"
+	"git.ophivana.moe/security/fortify/internal"
 	"git.ophivana.moe/security/fortify/internal/system"
 )

-func NewWithID(id ID, os linux.System) App {
+func NewWithID(id ID, os internal.System) App {
 	a := new(app)
 	a.id = &id
 	a.os = os
--- a/internal/app/launch.machinectl.go
+++ b/internal/app/launch.machinectl.go
@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
+package app
+
+import (
+	"strings"
+
+	"git.ophivana.moe/security/fortify/internal/fmsg"
+)
+
+func (a *app) commandBuilderMachineCtl(shimEnv string) (args []string) {
+	args = make([]string, 0, 9+len(a.seal.sys.bwrap.SetEnv))
+
+	// shell --uid=$USER
+	args = append(args, "shell", "--uid="+a.seal.sys.user.Username)
+
+	// --quiet
+	if !fmsg.Verbose() {
+		args = append(args, "--quiet")
+	}
+
+	// environ
+	envQ := make([]string, 0, len(a.seal.sys.bwrap.SetEnv)+1)
+	for k, v := range a.seal.sys.bwrap.SetEnv {
+		envQ = append(envQ, "-E"+k+"="+v)
+	}
+	// add shim payload to environment for shim path
+	envQ = append(envQ, "-E"+shimEnv)
+	args = append(args, envQ...)
+
+	// -- .host
+	args = append(args, "--", ".host")
+
+	// /bin/sh -c
+	if sh, err := a.os.LookPath("sh"); err != nil {
+		// hardcode /bin/sh path since it exists more often than not
+		args = append(args, "/bin/sh", "-c")
+	} else {
+		args = append(args, sh, "-c")
+	}
+
+	// build inner command expression ran as target user
+	innerCommand := strings.Builder{}
+
+	// apply custom environment variables to activation environment
+	innerCommand.WriteString("dbus-update-activation-environment --systemd")
+	for k := range a.seal.sys.bwrap.SetEnv {
+		innerCommand.WriteString(" " + k)
+	}
+	innerCommand.WriteString("; ")
+
+	// launch fortify as shim
+	innerCommand.WriteString("exec " + a.seal.sys.executable + " shim")
+
+	// append inner command
+	args = append(args, innerCommand.String())
+
+	return
+}
--- a/internal/app/launch.sudo.go
+++ b/internal/app/launch.sudo.go
@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+package app
+
+import (
+	"git.ophivana.moe/security/fortify/internal/fmsg"
+)
+
+const (
+	sudoAskPass = "SUDO_ASKPASS"
+)
+
+func (a *app) commandBuilderSudo(shimEnv string) (args []string) {
+	args = make([]string, 0, 8)
+
+	// -Hiu $USER
+	args = append(args, "-Hiu", a.seal.sys.user.Username)
+
+	// -A?
+	if _, ok := a.os.LookupEnv(sudoAskPass); ok {
+		fmsg.VPrintln(sudoAskPass, "set, adding askpass flag")
+		args = append(args, "-A")
+	}
+
+	// shim payload
+	args = append(args, shimEnv)
+
+	// -- $@
+	args = append(args, "--", a.seal.sys.executable, "shim")
+
+	return
+}
--- a/internal/app/seal.go
+++ b/internal/app/seal.go
@ -2,28 +2,38 @@ package app

 import (
 	"errors"
-	"fmt"
 	"io/fs"
+	"os/user"
 	"path"
-	"regexp"
 	"strconv"

-	shim "git.ophivana.moe/security/fortify/cmd/fshim/ipc"
 	"git.ophivana.moe/security/fortify/dbus"
+	"git.ophivana.moe/security/fortify/internal"
 	"git.ophivana.moe/security/fortify/internal/fmsg"
-	"git.ophivana.moe/security/fortify/internal/linux"
+	"git.ophivana.moe/security/fortify/internal/shim"
 	"git.ophivana.moe/security/fortify/internal/state"
 	"git.ophivana.moe/security/fortify/internal/system"
 )

-var (
-	ErrConfig = errors.New("no configuration to seal")
-	ErrUser   = errors.New("invalid aid")
-	ErrHome   = errors.New("invalid home directory")
-	ErrName   = errors.New("invalid username")
+const (
+	LaunchMethodSudo uint8 = iota
+	LaunchMethodMachineCtl
 )

-var posixUsername = regexp.MustCompilePOSIX("^[a-z_]([A-Za-z0-9_-]{0,31}|[A-Za-z0-9_-]{0,30}\\$)$")
+var method = [...]string{
+	LaunchMethodSudo:       "sudo",
+	LaunchMethodMachineCtl: "systemd",
+}
+
+var (
+	ErrConfig = errors.New("no configuration to seal")
+	ErrUser   = errors.New("unknown user")
+	ErrLaunch = errors.New("invalid launch method")
+
+	ErrSudo       = errors.New("sudo not available")
+	ErrSystemd    = errors.New("systemd not available")
+	ErrMachineCtl = errors.New("machinectl not available")
+)

 // appSeal seals the application with child-related information
 type appSeal struct {
@ -31,8 +41,6 @@ type appSeal struct {
 	id string
 	// wayland mediation, disabled if nil
 	wl *shim.Wayland
-	// dbus proxy message buffer retriever
-	dbusMsg func(f func(msgbuf []string))

 	// freedesktop application ID
 	fid string
@ -41,11 +49,15 @@ type appSeal struct {
 	// persistent process state store
 	store state.Store

+	// uint8 representation of launch method sealed from config
+	launchOption uint8
 	// process-specific share directory path
 	share string
 	// process-specific share directory path local to XDG_RUNTIME_DIR
 	shareLocal string

+	// path to launcher program
+	toolPath string
 	// pass-through enablement tracking from config
 	et system.Enablements

@ -54,7 +66,7 @@ type appSeal struct {
 	// seal system-level component
 	sys *appSealSys

-	linux.Paths
+	internal.Paths

 	// protected by upstream mutex
 }
@ -84,63 +96,55 @@ func (a *app) Seal(config *Config) error {
 	seal.fid = config.ID
 	seal.command = config.Command

+	// parses launch method text and looks up tool path
+	switch config.Method {
+	case method[LaunchMethodSudo]:
+		seal.launchOption = LaunchMethodSudo
+		if sudoPath, err := a.os.LookPath("sudo"); err != nil {
+			return fmsg.WrapError(ErrSudo,
+				"sudo not found")
+		} else {
+			seal.toolPath = sudoPath
+		}
+	case method[LaunchMethodMachineCtl]:
+		seal.launchOption = LaunchMethodMachineCtl
+		if !a.os.SdBooted() {
+			return fmsg.WrapError(ErrSystemd,
+				"system has not been booted with systemd as init system")
+		}
+
+		if machineCtlPath, err := a.os.LookPath("machinectl"); err != nil {
+			return fmsg.WrapError(ErrMachineCtl,
+				"machinectl not found")
+		} else {
+			seal.toolPath = machineCtlPath
+		}
+	default:
+		return fmsg.WrapError(ErrLaunch,
+			"invalid launch method")
+	}
+
 	// create seal system component
 	seal.sys = new(appSealSys)

-	// mapped uid
-	if config.Confinement.Sandbox != nil && config.Confinement.Sandbox.MapRealUID {
-		seal.sys.mappedID = a.os.Geteuid()
+	// look up fortify executable path
+	if p, err := a.os.Executable(); err != nil {
+		return fmsg.WrapErrorSuffix(err, "cannot look up fortify executable path:")
 	} else {
-		seal.sys.mappedID = 65534
+		seal.sys.executable = p
 	}
-	seal.sys.mappedIDString = strconv.Itoa(seal.sys.mappedID)
-	seal.sys.runtime = path.Join("/run/user", seal.sys.mappedIDString)

-	// validate uid and set user info
-	if config.Confinement.AppID < 0 || config.Confinement.AppID > 9999 {
-		return fmsg.WrapError(ErrUser,
-			fmt.Sprintf("aid %d out of range", config.Confinement.AppID))
-	} else {
-		seal.sys.user = appUser{
-			aid:      config.Confinement.AppID,
-			as:       strconv.Itoa(config.Confinement.AppID),
-			data:     config.Confinement.Outer,
-			home:     config.Confinement.Inner,
-			username: config.Confinement.Username,
-		}
-		if seal.sys.user.username == "" {
-			seal.sys.user.username = "chronos"
-		} else if !posixUsername.MatchString(seal.sys.user.username) {
-			return fmsg.WrapError(ErrName,
-				fmt.Sprintf("invalid user name %q", seal.sys.user.username))
-		}
-		if seal.sys.user.data == "" || !path.IsAbs(seal.sys.user.data) {
-			return fmsg.WrapError(ErrHome,
-				fmt.Sprintf("invalid home directory %q", seal.sys.user.data))
-		}
-		if seal.sys.user.home == "" {
-			seal.sys.user.home = seal.sys.user.data
-		}
-
-		// invoke fsu for full uid
-		if u, err := a.os.Uid(seal.sys.user.aid); err != nil {
-			return fmsg.WrapErrorSuffix(err,
-				"cannot obtain uid from fsu:")
+	// look up user from system
+	if u, err := a.os.Lookup(config.User); err != nil {
+		if errors.As(err, new(user.UnknownUserError)) {
+			return fmsg.WrapError(ErrUser, "unknown user", config.User)
 		} else {
-			seal.sys.user.uid = u
-			seal.sys.user.us = strconv.Itoa(u)
-		}
-
-		// resolve supplementary group ids from names
-		seal.sys.user.supp = make([]string, len(config.Confinement.Groups))
-		for i, name := range config.Confinement.Groups {
-			if g, err := a.os.LookupGroup(name); err != nil {
-				return fmsg.WrapError(err,
-					fmt.Sprintf("unknown group %q", name))
-			} else {
-				seal.sys.user.supp[i] = g.Gid
-			}
+			// unreachable
+			panic(err)
 		}
+	} else {
+		seal.sys.user = u
+		seal.sys.runtime = path.Join("/run/user", u.Uid)
 	}

 	// map sandbox config to bwrap
@ -152,7 +156,6 @@ func (a *app) Seal(config *Config) error {
 			UserNS:       true,
 			Net:          true,
 			NoNewSession: true,
-			AutoEtc:      true,
 		}
 		// bind entries in /
 		if d, err := a.os.ReadDir("/"); err != nil {
@ -167,8 +170,9 @@ func (a *app) Seal(config *Config) error {
 				case "/run":
 				case "/tmp":
 				case "/mnt":
-				case "/etc":

+				case "/etc":
+					b = append(b, &FilesystemConfig{Src: p, Dst: "/dev/fortify/etc", Write: false, Must: true})
 				default:
 					b = append(b, &FilesystemConfig{Src: p, Write: true, Must: true})
 				}
@ -201,14 +205,35 @@ func (a *app) Seal(config *Config) error {
 		if config.Confinement.Enablements.Has(system.EX11) || config.Confinement.Enablements.Has(system.EWayland) {
 			conf.Filesystem = append(conf.Filesystem, &FilesystemConfig{Src: "/dev/dri", Device: true})
 		}
+		// link host /etc to prevent passwd/group from being overwritten
+		if d, err := a.os.ReadDir("/etc"); err != nil {
+			return err
+		} else {
+			b := make([][2]string, 0, len(d))
+			for _, ent := range d {
+				name := ent.Name()
+				switch name {
+				case "passwd":
+				case "group":
+
+				case "mtab":
+					b = append(b, [2]string{
+						"/proc/mounts",
+						"/etc/" + name,
+					})
+				default:
+					b = append(b, [2]string{
+						"/dev/fortify/etc/" + name,
+						"/etc/" + name,
+					})
+				}
+			}
+			conf.Link = append(conf.Link, b...)
+		}

 		config.Confinement.Sandbox = conf
 	}
-	if b, err := config.Confinement.Sandbox.Bwrap(a.os); err != nil {
-		return err
-	} else {
-		seal.sys.bwrap = b
-	}
+	seal.sys.bwrap = config.Confinement.Sandbox.Bwrap()
 	seal.sys.override = config.Confinement.Sandbox.Override
 	if seal.sys.bwrap.SetEnv == nil {
 		seal.sys.bwrap.SetEnv = make(map[string]string)
@ -223,10 +248,15 @@ func (a *app) Seal(config *Config) error {
 	// open process state store
 	// the simple store only starts holding an open file after first action
 	// store activity begins after Start is called and must end before Wait
-	seal.store = state.NewSimple(seal.RunDirPath, seal.sys.user.as)
+	seal.store = state.NewSimple(seal.RunDirPath, seal.sys.user.Uid)

-	// initialise system interface with full uid
-	seal.sys.I = system.New(seal.sys.user.uid)
+	// parse string UID
+	if u, err := strconv.Atoi(seal.sys.user.Uid); err != nil {
+		// unreachable unless kernel bug
+		panic("uid parse")
+	} else {
+		seal.sys.I = system.New(u)
+	}

 	// pass through enablements
 	seal.et = config.Confinement.Enablements
@ -237,8 +267,11 @@ func (a *app) Seal(config *Config) error {
 	}

 	// verbose log seal information
-	fmsg.VPrintf("created application seal for uid %s (%s) groups: %v, command: %s",
-		seal.sys.user.us, seal.sys.user.username, config.Confinement.Groups, config.Command)
+	fmsg.VPrintln("created application seal as user",
+		seal.sys.user.Username, "("+seal.sys.user.Uid+"),",
+		"method:", config.Method+",",
+		"launcher:", seal.toolPath+",",
+		"command:", config.Command)

 	// seal app and release lock
 	a.seal = seal
--- a/internal/app/share.dbus.go
+++ b/internal/app/share.dbus.go
@ -22,10 +22,8 @@ func (seal *appSeal) shareDBus(config [2]*dbus.Config) error {
 	sessionPath, systemPath := path.Join(seal.share, "bus"), path.Join(seal.share, "system_bus_socket")

 	// configure dbus proxy
-	if f, err := seal.sys.ProxyDBus(config[0], config[1], sessionPath, systemPath); err != nil {
+	if err := seal.sys.ProxyDBus(config[0], config[1], sessionPath, systemPath); err != nil {
 		return err
-	} else {
-		seal.dbusMsg = f
 	}

 	// share proxy sockets
--- a/internal/app/share.display.go
+++ b/internal/app/share.display.go
@ -5,8 +5,8 @@ import (
 	"path"

 	"git.ophivana.moe/security/fortify/acl"
+	"git.ophivana.moe/security/fortify/internal"
 	"git.ophivana.moe/security/fortify/internal/fmsg"
-	"git.ophivana.moe/security/fortify/internal/linux"
 	"git.ophivana.moe/security/fortify/internal/system"
 )

@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ var (
 	ErrXDisplay = errors.New(display + " unset")
 )

-func (seal *appSeal) shareDisplay(os linux.System) error {
+func (seal *appSeal) shareDisplay(os internal.System) error {
 	// pass $TERM to launcher
 	if t, ok := os.LookupEnv(term); ok {
 		seal.sys.bwrap.SetEnv[term] = t
@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ func (seal *appSeal) shareDisplay(os linux.System) error {
 			return fmsg.WrapError(ErrXDisplay,
 				"DISPLAY is not set")
 		} else {
-			seal.sys.ChangeHosts("#" + seal.sys.user.us)
+			seal.sys.ChangeHosts(seal.sys.user.Username)
 			seal.sys.bwrap.SetEnv[display] = d
 			seal.sys.bwrap.Bind("/tmp/.X11-unix", "/tmp/.X11-unix")
 		}
--- a/internal/app/share.pulse.go
+++ b/internal/app/share.pulse.go
@ -6,8 +6,8 @@ import (
 	"io/fs"
 	"path"

+	"git.ophivana.moe/security/fortify/internal"
 	"git.ophivana.moe/security/fortify/internal/fmsg"
-	"git.ophivana.moe/security/fortify/internal/linux"
 	"git.ophivana.moe/security/fortify/internal/system"
 )

@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ var (
 	ErrPulseMode   = errors.New("unexpected pulse socket mode")
 )

-func (seal *appSeal) sharePulse(os linux.System) error {
+func (seal *appSeal) sharePulse(os internal.System) error {
 	if !seal.et.Has(system.EPulse) {
 		return nil
 	}
@ -78,7 +78,7 @@ func (seal *appSeal) sharePulse(os linux.System) error {
 }

 // discoverPulseCookie attempts various standard methods to discover the current user's PulseAudio authentication cookie
-func discoverPulseCookie(os linux.System) (string, error) {
+func discoverPulseCookie(os internal.System) (string, error) {
 	if p, ok := os.LookupEnv(pulseCookie); ok {
 		return p, nil
 	}
--- a/internal/app/share.system.go
+++ b/internal/app/share.system.go
@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ import (
 	"path"

 	"git.ophivana.moe/security/fortify/acl"
-	"git.ophivana.moe/security/fortify/internal/linux"
+	"git.ophivana.moe/security/fortify/internal"
 	"git.ophivana.moe/security/fortify/internal/system"
 )

@ -16,12 +16,12 @@ const (
 func (seal *appSeal) shareSystem() {
 	// ensure Share (e.g. `/tmp/fortify.%d`)
 	// acl is unnecessary as this directory is world executable
-	seal.sys.Ensure(seal.SharePath, 0711)
+	seal.sys.Ensure(seal.SharePath, 0701)

 	// ensure process-specific share (e.g. `/tmp/fortify.%d/%s`)
 	// acl is unnecessary as this directory is world executable
 	seal.share = path.Join(seal.SharePath, seal.id)
-	seal.sys.Ephemeral(system.Process, seal.share, 0711)
+	seal.sys.Ephemeral(system.Process, seal.share, 0701)

 	// ensure child tmpdir parent directory (e.g. `/tmp/fortify.%d/tmpdir`)
 	targetTmpdirParent := path.Join(seal.SharePath, "tmpdir")
@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ func (seal *appSeal) shareSystem() {
 	seal.sys.UpdatePermType(system.User, targetTmpdirParent, acl.Execute)

 	// ensure child tmpdir (e.g. `/tmp/fortify.%d/tmpdir/%d`)
-	targetTmpdir := path.Join(targetTmpdirParent, seal.sys.user.as)
+	targetTmpdir := path.Join(targetTmpdirParent, seal.sys.user.Uid)
 	seal.sys.Ensure(targetTmpdir, 01700)
 	seal.sys.UpdatePermType(system.User, targetTmpdir, acl.Read, acl.Write, acl.Execute)
 	seal.sys.bwrap.Bind(targetTmpdir, "/tmp", false, true)
@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ func (seal *appSeal) shareSystem() {
 	seal.sys.bwrap.Tmpfs(seal.SharePath, 1*1024*1024)
 }

-func (seal *appSeal) sharePasswd(os linux.System) {
+func (seal *appSeal) sharePasswd(os internal.System) {
 	// look up shell
 	sh := "/bin/sh"
 	if s, ok := os.LookupEnv(shell); ok {
@ -49,27 +49,21 @@ func (seal *appSeal) sharePasswd(os linux.System) {
 	// generate /etc/passwd
 	passwdPath := path.Join(seal.share, "passwd")
 	username := "chronos"
-	if seal.sys.user.username != "" {
-		username = seal.sys.user.username
+	if seal.sys.user.Username != "" {
+		username = seal.sys.user.Username
+		seal.sys.bwrap.SetEnv["USER"] = seal.sys.user.Username
 	}
 	homeDir := "/var/empty"
-	if seal.sys.user.home != "" {
-		homeDir = seal.sys.user.home
+	if seal.sys.user.HomeDir != "" {
+		homeDir = seal.sys.user.HomeDir
+		seal.sys.bwrap.SetEnv["HOME"] = seal.sys.user.HomeDir
 	}
-
-	// bind home directory
-	seal.sys.bwrap.Bind(seal.sys.user.data, homeDir, false, true)
-	seal.sys.bwrap.Chdir = homeDir
-
-	seal.sys.bwrap.SetEnv["USER"] = username
-	seal.sys.bwrap.SetEnv["HOME"] = homeDir
-
-	passwd := username + ":x:" + seal.sys.mappedIDString + ":" + seal.sys.mappedIDString + ":Fortify:" + homeDir + ":" + sh + "\n"
+	passwd := username + ":x:65534:65534:Fortify:" + homeDir + ":" + sh + "\n"
 	seal.sys.Write(passwdPath, passwd)

 	// write /etc/group
 	groupPath := path.Join(seal.share, "group")
-	seal.sys.Write(groupPath, "fortify:x:"+seal.sys.mappedIDString+":\n")
+	seal.sys.Write(groupPath, "fortify:x:65534:\n")

 	// bind /etc/passwd and /etc/group
 	seal.sys.bwrap.Bind(passwdPath, "/etc/passwd")
--- a/internal/app/start.go
+++ b/internal/app/start.go
@ -8,10 +8,9 @@ import (
 	"path/filepath"
 	"strings"

-	shim0 "git.ophivana.moe/security/fortify/cmd/fshim/ipc"
-	"git.ophivana.moe/security/fortify/cmd/fshim/ipc/shim"
 	"git.ophivana.moe/security/fortify/helper"
 	"git.ophivana.moe/security/fortify/internal/fmsg"
+	"git.ophivana.moe/security/fortify/internal/shim"
 	"git.ophivana.moe/security/fortify/internal/state"
 	"git.ophivana.moe/security/fortify/internal/system"
 )
@ -23,9 +22,9 @@ func (a *app) Start() error {
 	defer a.lock.Unlock()

 	// resolve exec paths
-	shimExec := [2]string{helper.BubblewrapName}
+	shimExec := [3]string{a.seal.sys.executable, helper.BubblewrapName}
 	if len(a.seal.command) > 0 {
-		shimExec[1] = a.seal.command[0]
+		shimExec[2] = a.seal.command[0]
 	}
 	for i, n := range shimExec {
 		if len(n) == 0 {
@ -41,14 +40,20 @@ func (a *app) Start() error {
 		}
 	}

+	// select command builder
+	var commandBuilder shim.CommandBuilder
+	switch a.seal.launchOption {
+	case LaunchMethodSudo:
+		commandBuilder = a.commandBuilderSudo
+	case LaunchMethodMachineCtl:
+		commandBuilder = a.commandBuilderMachineCtl
+	default:
+		panic("unreachable")
+	}
+
 	// construct shim manager
-	a.shim = shim.New(
-		uint32(a.seal.sys.UID()),
-		a.seal.sys.user.as,
-		a.seal.sys.user.supp,
-		path.Join(a.seal.share, "shim"),
-		a.seal.wl,
-		&shim0.Payload{
+	a.shim = shim.New(a.seal.toolPath, uint32(a.seal.sys.UID()), path.Join(a.seal.share, "shim"), a.seal.wl,
+		&shim.Payload{
 			Argv:  a.seal.command,
 			Exec:  shimExec,
 			Bwrap: a.seal.sys.bwrap,
@ -56,6 +61,9 @@ func (a *app) Start() error {

 			Verbose: fmsg.Verbose(),
 		},
+		// checkPid is impossible at the moment since there is no reliable way to obtain shim's pid
+		// this feature is disabled here until sudo is replaced by fortify suid wrapper
+		false,
 	)

 	// startup will go ahead, commit system setup
@ -64,7 +72,7 @@ func (a *app) Start() error {
 	}
 	a.seal.sys.needRevert = true

-	if startTime, err := a.shim.Start(); err != nil {
+	if startTime, err := a.shim.Start(commandBuilder); err != nil {
 		return err
 	} else {
 		// shim start and setup success, create process state
@ -72,6 +80,7 @@ func (a *app) Start() error {
 			PID:        a.shim.Unwrap().Process.Pid,
 			Command:    a.seal.command,
 			Capability: a.seal.et,
+			Method:     method[a.seal.launchOption],
 			Argv:       a.shim.Unwrap().Args,
 			Time:       *startTime,
 		}
@ -156,49 +165,25 @@ func (a *app) Wait() (int, error) {
 		// failure prior to process start
 		r = 255
 	} else {
-		wait := make(chan error, 1)
-		go func() { wait <- cmd.Wait() }()
-
-		select {
 		// wait for process and resolve exit code
-		case err := <-wait:
-			if err != nil {
-				var exitError *exec.ExitError
-				if !errors.As(err, &exitError) {
-					// should be unreachable
-					a.waitErr = err
-				}
-
-				// store non-zero return code
-				r = exitError.ExitCode()
-			} else {
-				r = cmd.ProcessState.ExitCode()
+		if err := cmd.Wait(); err != nil {
+			var exitError *exec.ExitError
+			if !errors.As(err, &exitError) {
+				// should be unreachable
+				a.waitErr = err
 			}
-			fmsg.VPrintf("process %d exited with exit code %d", cmd.Process.Pid, r)

-		// alternative exit path when kill was unsuccessful
-		case err := <-a.shim.WaitFallback():
-			r = 255
-			if err != nil {
-				fmsg.Printf("cannot terminate shim on faulted setup: %v", err)
-			} else {
-				fmsg.VPrintln("alternative exit path selected")
-			}
+			// store non-zero return code
+			r = exitError.ExitCode()
+		} else {
+			r = cmd.ProcessState.ExitCode()
 		}
+		fmsg.VPrintf("process %d exited with exit code %d", cmd.Process.Pid, r)
 	}

 	// child process exited, resume output
 	fmsg.Resume()

-	// print queued up dbus messages
-	if a.seal.dbusMsg != nil {
-		a.seal.dbusMsg(func(msgbuf []string) {
-			for _, msg := range msgbuf {
-				fmsg.Println(msg)
-			}
-		})
-	}
-
 	// close wayland connection
 	if a.seal.wl != nil {
 		if err := a.seal.wl.Close(); err != nil {
@ -255,16 +240,9 @@ func (a *app) Wait() (int, error) {
 				}
 			}

-			if a.shim.Unwrap() == nil {
-				fmsg.VPrintln("fault before shim start")
-			} else {
-				a.shim.AbortWait(errors.New("shim exited"))
-			}
-
-			if a.seal.sys.needRevert {
-				if err := a.seal.sys.Revert(ec); err != nil {
-					return err.(RevertCompoundError)
-				}
+			a.shim.AbortWait(errors.New("shim exited"))
+			if err := a.seal.sys.Revert(ec); err != nil {
+				return err.(RevertCompoundError)
 			}

 			return nil
--- a/internal/app/system.go
+++ b/internal/app/system.go
@ -1,9 +1,11 @@
 package app

 import (
+	"os/user"
+
 	"git.ophivana.moe/security/fortify/dbus"
 	"git.ophivana.moe/security/fortify/helper/bwrap"
-	"git.ophivana.moe/security/fortify/internal/linux"
+	"git.ophivana.moe/security/fortify/internal"
 	"git.ophivana.moe/security/fortify/internal/system"
 )

@ -15,13 +17,10 @@ type appSealSys struct {

 	// default formatted XDG_RUNTIME_DIR of User
 	runtime string
+	// sealed path to fortify executable, used by shim
+	executable string
 	// target user sealed from config
-	user appUser
-
-	// mapped uid and gid in user namespace
-	mappedID int
-	// string representation of mappedID
-	mappedIDString string
+	user *user.User

 	needRevert bool
 	saveState  bool
@ -30,30 +29,8 @@ type appSealSys struct {
 	// protected by upstream mutex
 }

-type appUser struct {
-	// full uid resolved by fsu
-	uid int
-	// string representation of uid
-	us string
-
-	// supplementary group ids
-	supp []string
-
-	// application id
-	aid int
-	// string representation of aid
-	as string
-
-	// home directory host path
-	data string
-	// app user home directory
-	home string
-	// passwd database username
-	username string
-}
-
 // shareAll calls all share methods in sequence
-func (seal *appSeal) shareAll(bus [2]*dbus.Config, os linux.System) error {
+func (seal *appSeal) shareAll(bus [2]*dbus.Config, os internal.System) error {
 	if seal.shared {
 		panic("seal shared twice")
 	}
--- a/internal/comp.go
+++ b/internal/comp.go
@ -1,12 +0,0 @@
-package internal
-
-const compPoison = "INVALIDINVALIDINVALIDINVALIDINVALID"
-
-var (
-	Version = compPoison
-)
-
-// Check validates string value set at compile time.
-func Check(s string) (string, bool) {
-	return s, s != compPoison && s != ""
-}
--- a/internal/fmsg/defer.go
+++ b/internal/fmsg/defer.go
@ -8,7 +8,6 @@ import (

 var (
 	wstate   atomic.Bool
-	dropped  atomic.Uint64
 	withhold = make(chan struct{}, 1)
 	msgbuf   = make(chan dOp, 64) // these ops are tiny so a large buffer is allocated for withholding output

@ -30,26 +29,6 @@ func dequeue() {
 	}()
 }

-// queue submits ops to msgbuf but drops messages
-// when the buffer is full and dequeue is withholding
-func queue(op dOp) {
-	queueSync.Add(1)
-
-	select {
-	case msgbuf <- op:
-	default:
-		// send the op anyway if not withholding
-		// as dequeue will get to it eventually
-		if !wstate.Load() {
-			msgbuf <- op
-		} else {
-			queueSync.Done()
-			// increment dropped message count
-			dropped.Add(1)
-		}
-	}
-}
-
 type dOp interface{ Do() }

 func Exit(code int) {
@ -57,10 +36,9 @@ func Exit(code int) {
 	os.Exit(code)
 }

-func Suspend() {
+func Withhold() {
 	dequeueOnce.Do(dequeue)
 	if wstate.CompareAndSwap(false, true) {
-		queueSync.Wait()
 		withhold <- struct{}{}
 	}
 }
@ -69,9 +47,6 @@ func Resume() {
 	dequeueOnce.Do(dequeue)
 	if wstate.CompareAndSwap(true, false) {
 		withhold <- struct{}{}
-		if d := dropped.Swap(0); d != 0 {
-			Printf("dropped %d messages during withhold", d)
-		}
 	}
 }

--- a/internal/fmsg/fmsg.go
+++ b/internal/fmsg/fmsg.go
@ -16,17 +16,20 @@ func SetPrefix(prefix string) {

 func Print(v ...any) {
 	dequeueOnce.Do(dequeue)
-	queue(dPrint(v))
+	queueSync.Add(1)
+	msgbuf <- dPrint(v)
 }

 func Printf(format string, v ...any) {
 	dequeueOnce.Do(dequeue)
-	queue(&dPrintf{format, v})
+	queueSync.Add(1)
+	msgbuf <- &dPrintf{format, v}
 }

 func Println(v ...any) {
 	dequeueOnce.Do(dequeue)
-	queue(dPrintln(v))
+	queueSync.Add(1)
+	msgbuf <- dPrintln(v)
 }

 func Fatal(v ...any) {
--- a/internal/init/main.go
+++ b/internal/init/main.go
@ -1,8 +1,9 @@
-package main
+package init0

 import (
 	"encoding/gob"
 	"errors"
+	"flag"
 	"os"
 	"os/exec"
 	"os/signal"
@ -11,80 +12,58 @@ import (
 	"syscall"
 	"time"

-	init0 "git.ophivana.moe/security/fortify/cmd/finit/ipc"
-	"git.ophivana.moe/security/fortify/internal"
 	"git.ophivana.moe/security/fortify/internal/fmsg"
 )

 const (
-	// time to wait for linger processes after death of initial process
+	// time to wait for linger processes after death initial process
 	residualProcessTimeout = 5 * time.Second
 )

 // everything beyond this point runs within pid namespace
 // proceed with caution!

-func main() {
-	// sharing stdout with shim
-	// USE WITH CAUTION
+func doInit(fd uintptr) {
 	fmsg.SetPrefix("init")

-	// setting this prevents ptrace
-	if err := internal.PR_SET_DUMPABLE__SUID_DUMP_DISABLE(); err != nil {
-		fmsg.Fatalf("cannot set SUID_DUMP_DISABLE: %s", err)
-		panic("unreachable")
-	}
-
-	if os.Getpid() != 1 {
-		fmsg.Fatal("this process must run as pid 1")
-		panic("unreachable")
-	}
-
 	// re-exec
-	if len(os.Args) > 0 && (os.Args[0] != "finit" || len(os.Args) != 1) && path.IsAbs(os.Args[0]) {
-		if err := syscall.Exec(os.Args[0], []string{"finit"}, os.Environ()); err != nil {
+	if len(os.Args) > 0 && os.Args[0] != "fortify" && path.IsAbs(os.Args[0]) {
+		if err := syscall.Exec(os.Args[0], []string{"fortify", "init"}, os.Environ()); err != nil {
 			fmsg.Println("cannot re-exec self:", err)
 			// continue anyway
 		}
 	}

-	// setup pipe fd from environment
-	var setup *os.File
-	if s, ok := os.LookupEnv(init0.Env); !ok {
-		fmsg.Fatal("FORTIFY_INIT not set")
-		panic("unreachable")
-	} else {
-		if fd, err := strconv.Atoi(s); err != nil {
-			fmsg.Fatalf("cannot parse %q: %v", s, err)
-			panic("unreachable")
-		} else {
-			setup = os.NewFile(uintptr(fd), "setup")
-			if setup == nil {
-				fmsg.Fatal("invalid config descriptor")
-				panic("unreachable")
-			}
-		}
+	var payload Payload
+	p := os.NewFile(fd, "config-stream")
+	if p == nil {
+		fmsg.Fatal("invalid config descriptor")
 	}
-
-	var payload init0.Payload
-	if err := gob.NewDecoder(setup).Decode(&payload); err != nil {
-		fmsg.Fatal("cannot decode init setup payload:", err)
-		panic("unreachable")
+	if err := gob.NewDecoder(p).Decode(&payload); err != nil {
+		fmsg.Fatal("cannot decode init payload:", err)
 	} else {
+		// sharing stdout with parent
+		// USE WITH CAUTION
 		fmsg.SetVerbose(payload.Verbose)

 		// child does not need to see this
-		if err = os.Unsetenv(init0.Env); err != nil {
-			fmsg.Printf("cannot unset %s: %v", init0.Env, err)
+		if err = os.Unsetenv(EnvInit); err != nil {
+			fmsg.Println("cannot unset", EnvInit+":", err)
 			// not fatal
 		} else {
 			fmsg.VPrintln("received configuration")
 		}
 	}

+	// close config fd
+	if err := p.Close(); err != nil {
+		fmsg.Println("cannot close config fd:", err)
+		// not fatal
+	}
+
 	// die with parent
-	if err := internal.PR_SET_PDEATHSIG__SIGKILL(); err != nil {
-		fmsg.Fatalf("prctl(PR_SET_PDEATHSIG, SIGKILL): %v", err)
+	if _, _, errno := syscall.RawSyscall(syscall.SYS_PRCTL, syscall.PR_SET_PDEATHSIG, uintptr(syscall.SIGKILL), 0); errno != 0 {
+		fmsg.Fatal("prctl(PR_SET_PDEATHSIG, SIGKILL):", errno.Error())
 	}

 	cmd := exec.Command(payload.Argv0)
@ -103,13 +82,6 @@ func main() {
 	if err := cmd.Start(); err != nil {
 		fmsg.Fatalf("cannot start %q: %v", payload.Argv0, err)
 	}
-	fmsg.Suspend()
-
-	// close setup pipe as setup is now complete
-	if err := setup.Close(); err != nil {
-		fmsg.Println("cannot close setup pipe:", err)
-		// not fatal
-	}

 	sig := make(chan os.Signal, 2)
 	signal.Notify(sig, syscall.SIGINT, syscall.SIGTERM)
@ -150,7 +122,6 @@ func main() {
 		close(done)
 	}()

-	// closed after residualProcessTimeout has elapsed after initial process death
 	timeout := make(chan struct{})

 	r := 2
@ -158,13 +129,9 @@ func main() {
 		select {
 		case s := <-sig:
 			fmsg.VPrintln("received", s.String())
-			fmsg.Resume() // output could still be withheld at this point, so resume is called
 			fmsg.Exit(0)
 		case w := <-info:
 			if w.wpid == cmd.Process.Pid {
-				// initial process exited, output is most likely available again
-				fmsg.Resume()
-
 				switch {
 				case w.wstatus.Exited():
 					r = w.wstatus.ExitStatus()
@ -187,3 +154,21 @@ func main() {
 		}
 	}
 }
+
+// Try runs init and stops execution if FORTIFY_INIT is set.
+func Try() {
+	if os.Getpid() != 1 {
+		return
+	}
+
+	if args := flag.Args(); len(args) == 1 && args[0] == "init" {
+		if s, ok := os.LookupEnv(EnvInit); ok {
+			if fd, err := strconv.Atoi(s); err != nil {
+				fmsg.Fatalf("cannot parse %q: %v", s, err)
+			} else {
+				doInit(uintptr(fd))
+			}
+			panic("unreachable")
+		}
+	}
+}
--- a/internal/init/payload.go
+++ b/internal/init/payload.go
@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 package init0

-const Env = "FORTIFY_INIT"
+const EnvInit = "FORTIFY_INIT"

 type Payload struct {
 	// target full exec path
--- a/internal/linux/std.go
+++ b/internal/linux/std.go
@ -1,120 +0,0 @@
-package linux
-
-import (
-	"errors"
-	"io"
-	"io/fs"
-	"os"
-	"os/exec"
-	"os/user"
-	"strconv"
-	"sync"
-
-	"git.ophivana.moe/security/fortify/internal"
-	"git.ophivana.moe/security/fortify/internal/fmsg"
-)
-
-// Std implements System using the standard library.
-type Std struct {
-	paths     Paths
-	pathsOnce sync.Once
-
-	sdBooted     bool
-	sdBootedOnce sync.Once
-
-	uidOnce sync.Once
-	uidCopy map[int]struct {
-		uid int
-		err error
-	}
-	uidMu sync.RWMutex
-}
-
-func (s *Std) Geteuid() int                                 { return os.Geteuid() }
-func (s *Std) LookupEnv(key string) (string, bool)          { return os.LookupEnv(key) }
-func (s *Std) TempDir() string                              { return os.TempDir() }
-func (s *Std) LookPath(file string) (string, error)         { return exec.LookPath(file) }
-func (s *Std) Executable() (string, error)                  { return os.Executable() }
-func (s *Std) LookupGroup(name string) (*user.Group, error) { return user.LookupGroup(name) }
-func (s *Std) ReadDir(name string) ([]os.DirEntry, error)   { return os.ReadDir(name) }
-func (s *Std) Stat(name string) (fs.FileInfo, error)        { return os.Stat(name) }
-func (s *Std) Open(name string) (fs.File, error)            { return os.Open(name) }
-func (s *Std) Exit(code int)                                { fmsg.Exit(code) }
-func (s *Std) Stdout() io.Writer                            { return os.Stdout }
-
-const xdgRuntimeDir = "XDG_RUNTIME_DIR"
-
-func (s *Std) Paths() Paths {
-	s.pathsOnce.Do(func() { CopyPaths(s, &s.paths) })
-	return s.paths
-}
-
-func (s *Std) Uid(aid int) (int, error) {
-	s.uidOnce.Do(func() {
-		s.uidCopy = make(map[int]struct {
-			uid int
-			err error
-		})
-	})
-
-	s.uidMu.RLock()
-	if u, ok := s.uidCopy[aid]; ok {
-		s.uidMu.RUnlock()
-		return u.uid, u.err
-	}
-
-	s.uidMu.RUnlock()
-	s.uidMu.Lock()
-	defer s.uidMu.Unlock()
-
-	u := struct {
-		uid int
-		err error
-	}{}
-	defer func() { s.uidCopy[aid] = u }()
-
-	u.uid = -1
-	if fsu, ok := internal.Check(internal.Fsu); !ok {
-		fmsg.Fatal("invalid fsu path, this copy of fshim is not compiled correctly")
-		panic("unreachable")
-	} else {
-		cmd := exec.Command(fsu)
-		cmd.Path = fsu
-		cmd.Stderr = os.Stderr // pass through fatal messages
-		cmd.Env = []string{"FORTIFY_APP_ID=" + strconv.Itoa(aid)}
-		cmd.Dir = "/"
-		var p []byte
-		if p, u.err = cmd.Output(); u.err == nil {
-			u.uid, u.err = strconv.Atoi(string(p))
-		}
-		return u.uid, u.err
-	}
-}
-
-func (s *Std) SdBooted() bool {
-	s.sdBootedOnce.Do(func() { s.sdBooted = copySdBooted() })
-	return s.sdBooted
-}
-
-const systemdCheckPath = "/run/systemd/system"
-
-func copySdBooted() bool {
-	if v, err := sdBooted(); err != nil {
-		fmsg.Println("cannot read systemd marker:", err)
-		return false
-	} else {
-		return v
-	}
-}
-
-func sdBooted() (bool, error) {
-	_, err := os.Stat(systemdCheckPath)
-	if err != nil {
-		if errors.Is(err, fs.ErrNotExist) {
-			err = nil
-		}
-		return false, err
-	}
-
-	return true, nil
-}
--- a/internal/path.go
+++ b/internal/path.go
@ -1,12 +0,0 @@
-package internal
-
-import "path"
-
-var (
-	Fsu   = compPoison
-	Finit = compPoison
-)
-
-func Path(p string) (string, bool) {
-	return p, p != compPoison && p != "" && path.IsAbs(p)
-}
--- a/internal/prctl.go
+++ b/internal/prctl.go
@ -1,20 +0,0 @@
-package internal
-
-import "syscall"
-
-func PR_SET_DUMPABLE__SUID_DUMP_DISABLE() error {
-	// linux/sched/coredump.h
-	if _, _, errno := syscall.RawSyscall(syscall.SYS_PRCTL, syscall.PR_SET_DUMPABLE, 0, 0); errno != 0 {
-		return errno
-	}
-
-	return nil
-}
-
-func PR_SET_PDEATHSIG__SIGKILL() error {
-	if _, _, errno := syscall.AllThreadsSyscall(syscall.SYS_PRCTL, syscall.PR_SET_PDEATHSIG, uintptr(syscall.SIGKILL), 0); errno != 0 {
-		return errno
-	}
-
-	return nil
-}
--- a/internal/shim/main.go
+++ b/internal/shim/main.go
@ -1,74 +1,50 @@
-package main
+package shim

 import (
 	"encoding/gob"
 	"errors"
+	"flag"
 	"net"
 	"os"
 	"path"
 	"strconv"
 	"syscall"

-	init0 "git.ophivana.moe/security/fortify/cmd/finit/ipc"
-	shim "git.ophivana.moe/security/fortify/cmd/fshim/ipc"
 	"git.ophivana.moe/security/fortify/helper"
-	"git.ophivana.moe/security/fortify/internal"
 	"git.ophivana.moe/security/fortify/internal/fmsg"
+	init0 "git.ophivana.moe/security/fortify/internal/init"
 )

-// everything beyond this point runs as unconstrained target user
+// everything beyond this point runs as target user
 // proceed with caution!

-func main() {
-	// sharing stdout with fortify
-	// USE WITH CAUTION
+func doShim(socket string) {
 	fmsg.SetPrefix("shim")

-	// setting this prevents ptrace
-	if err := internal.PR_SET_DUMPABLE__SUID_DUMP_DISABLE(); err != nil {
-		fmsg.Fatalf("cannot set SUID_DUMP_DISABLE: %s", err)
-		panic("unreachable")
-	}
-
 	// re-exec
-	if len(os.Args) > 0 && (os.Args[0] != "fshim" || len(os.Args) != 1) && path.IsAbs(os.Args[0]) {
-		if err := syscall.Exec(os.Args[0], []string{"fshim"}, os.Environ()); err != nil {
+	if len(os.Args) > 0 && os.Args[0] != "fortify" && path.IsAbs(os.Args[0]) {
+		if err := syscall.Exec(os.Args[0], []string{"fortify", "shim"}, os.Environ()); err != nil {
 			fmsg.Println("cannot re-exec self:", err)
 			// continue anyway
 		}
 	}

-	// lookup socket path from environment
-	var socketPath string
-	if s, ok := os.LookupEnv(shim.Env); !ok {
-		fmsg.Fatal("FORTIFY_SHIM not set")
-		panic("unreachable")
-	} else {
-		socketPath = s
-	}
-
-	// check path to finit
-	var finitPath string
-	if p, ok := internal.Path(internal.Finit); !ok {
-		fmsg.Fatal("invalid finit path, this copy of fshim is not compiled correctly")
-	} else {
-		finitPath = p
-	}
-
 	// dial setup socket
 	var conn *net.UnixConn
-	if c, err := net.DialUnix("unix", nil, &net.UnixAddr{Name: socketPath, Net: "unix"}); err != nil {
-		fmsg.Fatal(err.Error())
+	if c, err := net.DialUnix("unix", nil, &net.UnixAddr{Name: socket, Net: "unix"}); err != nil {
+		fmsg.Fatal("cannot dial setup socket:", err)
 		panic("unreachable")
 	} else {
 		conn = c
 	}

 	// decode payload gob stream
-	var payload shim.Payload
+	var payload Payload
 	if err := gob.NewDecoder(conn).Decode(&payload); err != nil {
-		fmsg.Fatalf("cannot decode shim payload: %v", err)
+		fmsg.Fatal("cannot decode shim payload:", err)
 	} else {
+		// sharing stdout with parent
+		// USE WITH CAUTION
 		fmsg.SetVerbose(payload.Verbose)
 	}

@ -80,7 +56,7 @@ func main() {
 	wfd := -1
 	if payload.WL {
 		if fd, err := receiveWLfd(conn); err != nil {
-			fmsg.Fatalf("cannot receive wayland fd: %v", err)
+			fmsg.Fatal("cannot receive wayland fd:", err)
 		} else {
 			wfd = fd
 		}
@ -98,14 +74,11 @@ func main() {
 	ic.Argv = payload.Argv
 	if len(ic.Argv) > 0 {
 		// looked up from $PATH by parent
-		ic.Argv0 = payload.Exec[1]
+		ic.Argv0 = payload.Exec[2]
 	} else {
 		// no argv, look up shell instead
 		var ok bool
-		if payload.Bwrap.SetEnv == nil {
-			fmsg.Fatal("no command was specified and environment is unset")
-		}
-		if ic.Argv0, ok = payload.Bwrap.SetEnv["SHELL"]; !ok {
+		if ic.Argv0, ok = os.LookupEnv("SHELL"); !ok {
 			fmsg.Fatal("no command was specified and $SHELL was unset")
 		}

@ -128,24 +101,23 @@ func main() {

 	// share config pipe
 	if r, w, err := os.Pipe(); err != nil {
-		fmsg.Fatalf("cannot pipe: %v", err)
+		fmsg.Fatal("cannot pipe:", err)
 	} else {
-		conf.SetEnv[init0.Env] = strconv.Itoa(3 + len(extraFiles))
+		conf.SetEnv[init0.EnvInit] = strconv.Itoa(3 + len(extraFiles))
 		extraFiles = append(extraFiles, r)

 		fmsg.VPrintln("transmitting config to init")
 		go func() {
 			// stream config to pipe
 			if err = gob.NewEncoder(w).Encode(&ic); err != nil {
-				fmsg.Fatalf("cannot transmit init config: %v", err)
+				fmsg.Fatal("cannot transmit init config:", err)
 			}
 		}()
 	}

-	helper.BubblewrapName = payload.Exec[0] // resolved bwrap path by parent
-	if b, err := helper.NewBwrap(conf, nil, finitPath,
-		func(int, int) []string { return make([]string, 0) }); err != nil {
-		fmsg.Fatalf("malformed sandbox config: %v", err)
+	helper.BubblewrapName = payload.Exec[1] // resolved bwrap path by parent
+	if b, err := helper.NewBwrap(conf, nil, payload.Exec[0], func(int, int) []string { return []string{"init"} }); err != nil {
+		fmsg.Fatal("malformed sandbox config:", err)
 	} else {
 		cmd := b.Unwrap()
 		cmd.Stdin, cmd.Stdout, cmd.Stderr = os.Stdin, os.Stdout, os.Stderr
@ -157,7 +129,7 @@ func main() {

 		// run and pass through exit code
 		if err = b.Start(); err != nil {
-			fmsg.Fatalf("cannot start target process: %v", err)
+			fmsg.Fatal("cannot start target process:", err)
 		} else if err = b.Wait(); err != nil {
 			fmsg.VPrintln("wait:", err)
 		}
@ -195,3 +167,13 @@ func receiveWLfd(conn *net.UnixConn) (int, error) {
 		return fds[0], nil
 	}
 }
+
+// Try runs shim and stops execution if FORTIFY_SHIM is set.
+func Try() {
+	if args := flag.Args(); len(args) == 1 && args[0] == "shim" {
+		if s, ok := os.LookupEnv(EnvShim); ok {
+			doShim(s)
+			panic("unreachable")
+		}
+	}
+}
--- a/cmd/fshim/ipc/shim/shim.go
+++ b/cmd/fshim/ipc/shim/shim.go
@ -5,21 +5,15 @@ import (
 	"net"
 	"os"
 	"os/exec"
-	"os/signal"
-	"strings"
 	"sync"
 	"sync/atomic"
 	"syscall"
 	"time"

 	"git.ophivana.moe/security/fortify/acl"
-	shim0 "git.ophivana.moe/security/fortify/cmd/fshim/ipc"
-	"git.ophivana.moe/security/fortify/internal"
 	"git.ophivana.moe/security/fortify/internal/fmsg"
 )

-const shimSetupTimeout = 5 * time.Second
-
 // used by the parent process

 type Shim struct {
@ -27,26 +21,24 @@ type Shim struct {
 	cmd *exec.Cmd
 	// uid of shim target user
 	uid uint32
-	// string representation of application id
-	aid string
-	// string representation of supplementary group ids
-	supp []string
+	// whether to check shim pid
+	checkPid bool
+	// user switcher executable path
+	executable string
 	// path to setup socket
 	socket string
 	// shim setup abort reason and completion
 	abort     chan error
 	abortErr  atomic.Pointer[error]
 	abortOnce sync.Once
-	// fallback exit notifier with error returned killing the process
-	killFallback chan error
 	// wayland mediation, nil if disabled
-	wl *shim0.Wayland
+	wl *Wayland
 	// shim setup payload
-	payload *shim0.Payload
+	payload *Payload
 }

-func New(uid uint32, aid string, supp []string, socket string, wl *shim0.Wayland, payload *shim0.Payload) *Shim {
-	return &Shim{uid: uid, aid: aid, supp: supp, socket: socket, wl: wl, payload: payload}
+func New(executable string, uid uint32, socket string, wl *Wayland, payload *Payload, checkPid bool) *Shim {
+	return &Shim{uid: uid, executable: executable, socket: socket, wl: wl, payload: payload, checkPid: checkPid}
 }

 func (s *Shim) String() string {
@ -73,11 +65,9 @@ func (s *Shim) AbortWait(err error) {
 	<-s.abort
 }

-func (s *Shim) WaitFallback() chan error {
-	return s.killFallback
-}
+type CommandBuilder func(shimEnv string) (args []string)

-func (s *Shim) Start() (*time.Time, error) {
+func (s *Shim) Start(f CommandBuilder) (*time.Time, error) {
 	var (
 		cf     chan *net.UnixConn
 		accept func()
@ -94,65 +84,30 @@ func (s *Shim) Start() (*time.Time, error) {
 	}

 	// start user switcher process and save time
-	var fsu string
-	if p, ok := internal.Check(internal.Fsu); !ok {
-		fmsg.Fatal("invalid fsu path, this copy of fshim is not compiled correctly")
-		panic("unreachable")
-	} else {
-		fsu = p
-	}
-	s.cmd = exec.Command(fsu)
-	s.cmd.Env = []string{
-		shim0.Env + "=" + s.socket,
-		"FORTIFY_APP_ID=" + s.aid,
-	}
-	if len(s.supp) > 0 {
-		fmsg.VPrintf("attaching supplementary group ids %s", s.supp)
-		s.cmd.Env = append(s.cmd.Env, "FORTIFY_GROUPS="+strings.Join(s.supp, " "))
-	}
+	s.cmd = exec.Command(s.executable, f(EnvShim+"="+s.socket)...)
+	s.cmd.Env = []string{}
 	s.cmd.Stdin, s.cmd.Stdout, s.cmd.Stderr = os.Stdin, os.Stdout, os.Stderr
 	s.cmd.Dir = "/"
-	fmsg.VPrintln("starting shim via fsu:", s.cmd)
-	fmsg.Suspend() // withhold messages to stderr
+	fmsg.VPrintln("starting shim via user switcher:", s.cmd)
+	fmsg.Withhold() // withhold messages to stderr
 	if err := s.cmd.Start(); err != nil {
 		return nil, fmsg.WrapErrorSuffix(err,
-			"cannot start fsu:")
+			"cannot start user switcher:")
 	}
 	startTime := time.Now().UTC()

 	// kill shim if something goes wrong and an error is returned
-	s.killFallback = make(chan error, 1)
 	killShim := func() {
 		if err := s.cmd.Process.Signal(os.Interrupt); err != nil {
-			s.killFallback <- err
+			fmsg.Println("cannot terminate shim on faulted setup:", err)
 		}
 	}
 	defer func() { killShim() }()

-	// take alternative exit path on signal
-	sig := make(chan os.Signal, 2)
-	signal.Notify(sig, syscall.SIGINT, syscall.SIGTERM)
-	go func() {
-		v := <-sig
-		fmsg.Printf("got %s after program start", v)
-		s.killFallback <- nil
-		signal.Ignore(syscall.SIGINT, syscall.SIGTERM)
-	}()
-
 	accept()
-	var conn *net.UnixConn
-	select {
-	case c := <-cf:
-		if c == nil {
-			return &startTime, fmsg.WrapErrorSuffix(*s.abortErr.Load(), "cannot accept call on setup socket:")
-		} else {
-			conn = c
-		}
-	case <-time.After(shimSetupTimeout):
-		err := fmsg.WrapError(errors.New("timed out waiting for shim"),
-			"timed out waiting for shim to connect")
-		s.AbortWait(err)
-		return &startTime, err
+	conn := <-cf
+	if conn == nil {
+		return &startTime, fmsg.WrapErrorSuffix(*s.abortErr.Load(), "cannot accept call on setup socket:")
 	}

 	// authenticate against called provided uid and shim pid
@ -164,7 +119,7 @@ func (s *Shim) Start() (*time.Time, error) {
 		err = errors.New("compromised fortify build")
 		s.Abort(err)
 		return &startTime, err
-	} else if cred.Pid != int32(s.cmd.Process.Pid) {
+	} else if s.checkPid && cred.Pid != int32(s.cmd.Process.Pid) {
 		fmsg.Printf("process %d tried to connect to shim setup socket, expecting shim %d",
 			cred.Pid, s.cmd.Process.Pid)
 		err = errors.New("compromised target user")
@ -174,7 +129,7 @@ func (s *Shim) Start() (*time.Time, error) {

 	// serve payload and wayland fd if enabled
 	// this also closes the connection
-	err := s.payload.Serve(conn, s.wl)
+	err := s.payload.serve(conn, s.wl)
 	if err == nil {
 		killShim = func() {}
 	}
@ -203,7 +158,6 @@ func (s *Shim) serve() (chan *net.UnixConn, func(), error) {
 		}

 		go func() {
-			cfWg := new(sync.WaitGroup)
 			for {
 				select {
 				case err = <-s.abort:
@ -214,24 +168,15 @@ func (s *Shim) serve() (chan *net.UnixConn, func(), error) {
 						fmsg.Println("cannot close setup socket:", err)
 					}
 					close(s.abort)
-					go func() {
-						cfWg.Wait()
-						close(cf)
-					}()
+					close(cf)
 					return
 				case <-accept:
-					cfWg.Add(1)
-					go func() {
-						defer cfWg.Done()
-						if conn, err0 := l.AcceptUnix(); err0 != nil {
-							// breaks loop
-							s.Abort(err0)
-							// receiver sees nil value and loads err0 stored during abort
-							cf <- nil
-						} else {
-							cf <- conn
-						}
-					}()
+					if conn, err0 := l.AcceptUnix(); err0 != nil {
+						s.Abort(err0) // does not block, breaks loop
+						cf <- nil     // receiver sees nil value and loads err0 stored during abort
+					} else {
+						cf <- conn
+					}
 				}
 			}
 		}()
--- a/internal/shim/payload.go
+++ b/internal/shim/payload.go
@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-package shim0
+package shim

 import (
 	"encoding/gob"
@ -9,13 +9,13 @@ import (
 	"git.ophivana.moe/security/fortify/internal/fmsg"
 )

-const Env = "FORTIFY_SHIM"
+const EnvShim = "FORTIFY_SHIM"

 type Payload struct {
 	// child full argv
 	Argv []string
-	// bwrap, target full exec path
-	Exec [2]string
+	// fortify, bwrap, target full exec path
+	Exec [3]string
 	// bwrap config
 	Bwrap *bwrap.Config
 	// whether to pass wayland fd
@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ type Payload struct {
 	Verbose bool
 }

-func (p *Payload) Serve(conn *net.UnixConn, wl *Wayland) error {
+func (p *Payload) serve(conn *net.UnixConn, wl *Wayland) error {
 	if err := gob.NewEncoder(conn).Encode(*p); err != nil {
 		return fmsg.WrapErrorSuffix(err,
 			"cannot stream shim payload:")
--- a/internal/shim/wayland.go
+++ b/internal/shim/wayland.go
@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-package shim0
+package shim

 import (
 	"fmt"
--- a/internal/state/print.go
+++ b/internal/state/print.go
@ -67,10 +67,10 @@ func (s *simpleStore) mustPrintLauncherState(w **tabwriter.Writer, now time.Time

 				// write header when initialising
 				if !fmsg.Verbose() {
-					_, _ = fmt.Fprintln(*w, "\tPID\tApp\tUptime\tEnablements\tCommand")
+					_, _ = fmt.Fprintln(*w, "\tUID\tPID\tUptime\tEnablements\tMethod\tCommand")
 				} else {
 					// argv is emitted in body when verbose
-					_, _ = fmt.Fprintln(*w, "\tPID\tApp\tArgv")
+					_, _ = fmt.Fprintln(*w, "\tUID\tPID\tArgv")
 				}
 			}

@ -96,13 +96,13 @@ func (s *simpleStore) mustPrintLauncherState(w **tabwriter.Writer, now time.Time
 				}

 				if !fmsg.Verbose() {
-					_, _ = fmt.Fprintf(*w, "\t%d\t%s\t%s\t%s\t%s\n",
-						state.PID, s.path[len(s.path)-1], now.Sub(state.Time).Round(time.Second).String(), strings.TrimPrefix(ets.String(), ", "),
+					_, _ = fmt.Fprintf(*w, "\t%s\t%d\t%s\t%s\t%s\t%s\n",
+						s.path[len(s.path)-1], state.PID, now.Sub(state.Time).Round(time.Second).String(), strings.TrimPrefix(ets.String(), ", "), state.Method,
 						state.Command)
 				} else {
 					// emit argv instead when verbose
-					_, _ = fmt.Fprintf(*w, "\t%d\t%s\t%s\n",
-						state.PID, s.path[len(s.path)-1], state.Argv)
+					_, _ = fmt.Fprintf(*w, "\t%s\t%d\t%s\n",
+						s.path[len(s.path)-1], state.PID, state.Argv)
 				}
 			}

--- a/internal/state/state.go
+++ b/internal/state/state.go
@ -33,6 +33,8 @@ type State struct {
 	// capability enablements applied to child
 	Capability system.Enablements

+	// user switch method
+	Method string
 	// full argv whe launching
 	Argv []string
 	// process start time
--- a/internal/linux/interface.go
+++ b/internal/linux/interface.go
@ -1,11 +1,14 @@
-package linux
+package internal

 import (
-	"io"
+	"errors"
 	"io/fs"
+	"os"
+	"os/exec"
 	"os/user"
 	"path"
 	"strconv"
+	"sync"

 	"git.ophivana.moe/security/fortify/internal/fmsg"
 )
@ -22,8 +25,8 @@ type System interface {
 	LookPath(file string) (string, error)
 	// Executable provides [os.Executable].
 	Executable() (string, error)
-	// LookupGroup provides [user.LookupGroup].
-	LookupGroup(name string) (*user.Group, error)
+	// Lookup provides [user.Lookup].
+	Lookup(username string) (*user.User, error)
 	// ReadDir provides [os.ReadDir].
 	ReadDir(name string) ([]fs.DirEntry, error)
 	// Stat provides [os.Stat].
@ -32,13 +35,9 @@ type System interface {
 	Open(name string) (fs.File, error)
 	// Exit provides [os.Exit].
 	Exit(code int)
-	// Stdout provides [os.Stdout].
-	Stdout() io.Writer

 	// Paths returns a populated [Paths] struct.
 	Paths() Paths
-	// Uid invokes fsu and returns target uid.
-	Uid(aid int) (int, error)
 	// SdBooted implements https://www.freedesktop.org/software/systemd/man/sd_booted.html
 	SdBooted() bool
 }
@ -70,3 +69,58 @@ func CopyPaths(os System, v *Paths) {

 	fmsg.VPrintf("runtime directory at %q", v.RunDirPath)
 }
+
+// Std implements System using the standard library.
+type Std struct {
+	paths     Paths
+	pathsOnce sync.Once
+
+	sdBooted     bool
+	sdBootedOnce sync.Once
+}
+
+func (s *Std) Geteuid() int                               { return os.Geteuid() }
+func (s *Std) LookupEnv(key string) (string, bool)        { return os.LookupEnv(key) }
+func (s *Std) TempDir() string                            { return os.TempDir() }
+func (s *Std) LookPath(file string) (string, error)       { return exec.LookPath(file) }
+func (s *Std) Executable() (string, error)                { return os.Executable() }
+func (s *Std) Lookup(username string) (*user.User, error) { return user.Lookup(username) }
+func (s *Std) ReadDir(name string) ([]os.DirEntry, error) { return os.ReadDir(name) }
+func (s *Std) Stat(name string) (fs.FileInfo, error)      { return os.Stat(name) }
+func (s *Std) Open(name string) (fs.File, error)          { return os.Open(name) }
+func (s *Std) Exit(code int)                              { fmsg.Exit(code) }
+
+const xdgRuntimeDir = "XDG_RUNTIME_DIR"
+
+func (s *Std) Paths() Paths {
+	s.pathsOnce.Do(func() { CopyPaths(s, &s.paths) })
+	return s.paths
+}
+
+func (s *Std) SdBooted() bool {
+	s.sdBootedOnce.Do(func() { s.sdBooted = copySdBooted() })
+	return s.sdBooted
+}
+
+const systemdCheckPath = "/run/systemd/system"
+
+func copySdBooted() bool {
+	if v, err := sdBooted(); err != nil {
+		fmsg.Println("cannot read systemd marker:", err)
+		return false
+	} else {
+		return v
+	}
+}
+
+func sdBooted() (bool, error) {
+	_, err := os.Stat(systemdCheckPath)
+	if err != nil {
+		if errors.Is(err, fs.ErrNotExist) {
+			err = nil
+		}
+		return false, err
+	}
+
+	return true, nil
+}
--- a/internal/system/dbus.go
+++ b/internal/system/dbus.go
@ -1,11 +1,8 @@
 package system

 import (
-	"bytes"
 	"errors"
 	"os"
-	"strings"
-	"sync"

 	"git.ophivana.moe/security/fortify/dbus"
 	"git.ophivana.moe/security/fortify/internal/fmsg"
@ -16,14 +13,14 @@ var (
 )

 func (sys *I) MustProxyDBus(sessionPath string, session *dbus.Config, systemPath string, system *dbus.Config) *I {
-	if _, err := sys.ProxyDBus(session, system, sessionPath, systemPath); err != nil {
+	if err := sys.ProxyDBus(session, system, sessionPath, systemPath); err != nil {
 		panic(err.Error())
 	} else {
 		return sys
 	}
 }

-func (sys *I) ProxyDBus(session, system *dbus.Config, sessionPath, systemPath string) (func(f func(msgbuf []string)), error) {
+func (sys *I) ProxyDBus(session, system *dbus.Config, sessionPath, systemPath string) error {
 	d := new(DBus)

 	// used by waiting goroutine to notify process exit
@ -31,7 +28,7 @@ func (sys *I) ProxyDBus(session, system *dbus.Config, sessionPath, systemPath st

 	// session bus is mandatory
 	if session == nil {
-		return nil, fmsg.WrapError(ErrDBusConfig,
+		return fmsg.WrapError(ErrDBusConfig,
 			"attempted to seal message bus proxy without session bus config")
 	}

@ -64,15 +61,13 @@ func (sys *I) ProxyDBus(session, system *dbus.Config, sessionPath, systemPath st
 	sys.ops = append(sys.ops, d)

 	// seal dbus proxy
-	d.out = &scanToFmsg{msg: new(strings.Builder)}
-	return d.out.F, fmsg.WrapErrorSuffix(d.proxy.Seal(session, system),
+	return fmsg.WrapErrorSuffix(d.proxy.Seal(session, system),
 		"cannot seal message bus proxy:")
 }

 type DBus struct {
 	proxy *dbus.Proxy

-	out *scanToFmsg
 	// whether system bus proxy is enabled
 	system bool
 	// notification from goroutine waiting for dbus.Proxy
@ -93,7 +88,7 @@ func (d *DBus) apply(_ *I) error {
 	ready := make(chan error, 1)

 	// background dbus proxy start
-	if err := d.proxy.Start(ready, d.out, true); err != nil {
+	if err := d.proxy.Start(ready, os.Stderr, true); err != nil {
 		return fmsg.WrapErrorSuffix(err,
 			"cannot start message bus proxy:")
 	}
@ -169,34 +164,3 @@ func (d *DBus) Path() string {
 func (d *DBus) String() string {
 	return d.proxy.String()
 }
-
-type scanToFmsg struct {
-	msg    *strings.Builder
-	msgbuf []string
-
-	mu sync.RWMutex
-}
-
-func (s *scanToFmsg) Write(p []byte) (n int, err error) {
-	s.mu.Lock()
-	defer s.mu.Unlock()
-	return s.write(p, 0)
-}
-
-func (s *scanToFmsg) write(p []byte, a int) (int, error) {
-	if i := bytes.IndexByte(p, '\n'); i == -1 {
-		n, _ := s.msg.Write(p)
-		return a + n, nil
-	} else {
-		n, _ := s.msg.Write(p[:i])
-		s.msgbuf = append(s.msgbuf, s.msg.String())
-		s.msg.Reset()
-		return s.write(p[i+1:], a+n+1)
-	}
-}
-
-func (s *scanToFmsg) F(f func(msgbuf []string)) {
-	s.mu.RLock()
-	f(s.msgbuf)
-	s.mu.RUnlock()
-}
--- a/ldd/ldd.go
+++ b/ldd/ldd.go
@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-// Package ldd retrieves linker information by invoking ldd from glibc or musl and parsing its output.
 package ldd

 import (
--- a/license.go
+++ b/license.go
@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+package main
+
+import (
+	_ "embed"
+	"flag"
+	"fmt"
+)
+
+var (
+	//go:embed LICENSE
+	license string
+
+	printLicense bool
+)
+
+func init() {
+	flag.BoolVar(&printLicense, "license", false, "Print license")
+}
+
+func tryLicense() {
+	if printLicense {
+		fmt.Println(license)
+		os.Exit(0)
+	}
+}
--- a/main.go
+++ b/main.go
@ -1,289 +1,62 @@
 package main

 import (
-	_ "embed"
-	"encoding/json"
 	"flag"
-	"fmt"
-	"os/user"
-	"strconv"
-	"strings"
-	"sync"
-	"text/tabwriter"
+	"syscall"

-	"git.ophivana.moe/security/fortify/dbus"
 	"git.ophivana.moe/security/fortify/internal"
 	"git.ophivana.moe/security/fortify/internal/app"
 	"git.ophivana.moe/security/fortify/internal/fmsg"
-	"git.ophivana.moe/security/fortify/internal/linux"
-	"git.ophivana.moe/security/fortify/internal/state"
-	"git.ophivana.moe/security/fortify/internal/system"
+	init0 "git.ophivana.moe/security/fortify/internal/init"
+	"git.ophivana.moe/security/fortify/internal/shim"
 )

 var (
 	flagVerbose bool
-
-	//go:embed LICENSE
-	license string
 )

 func init() {
 	flag.BoolVar(&flagVerbose, "v", false, "Verbose output")
 }

-var os = new(linux.Std)
-
-type gl []string
-
-func (g *gl) String() string {
-	if g == nil {
-		return "<nil>"
-	}
-	return strings.Join(*g, " ")
-}
-
-func (g *gl) Set(v string) error {
-	*g = append(*g, v)
-	return nil
-}
+var os = new(internal.Std)

 func main() {
-	if err := internal.PR_SET_DUMPABLE__SUID_DUMP_DISABLE(); err != nil {
-		fmsg.Printf("cannot set SUID_DUMP_DISABLE: %s", err)
-		// not fatal: this program runs as the privileged user
+	// linux/sched/coredump.h
+	if _, _, errno := syscall.RawSyscall(syscall.SYS_PRCTL, syscall.PR_SET_DUMPABLE, 0, 0); errno != 0 {
+		fmsg.Printf("fortify: cannot set SUID_DUMP_DISABLE: %s", errno.Error())
 	}

+	flag.Parse()
+	fmsg.SetVerbose(flagVerbose)
+
+	if os.SdBooted() {
+		fmsg.VPrintln("system booted with systemd as init system")
+	}
+
+	// shim/init early exit
+	init0.Try()
+	shim.Try()
+
+	// root check
 	if os.Geteuid() == 0 {
 		fmsg.Fatal("this program must not run as root")
 		panic("unreachable")
 	}

-	flag.CommandLine.Usage = func() {
-		fmt.Println()
-		fmt.Println("Usage:\tfortify [-v] COMMAND [OPTIONS]")
-		fmt.Println()
-		fmt.Println("Commands:")
-		w := tabwriter.NewWriter(os.Stdout(), 0, 1, 4, ' ', 0)
-		commands := [][2]string{
-			{"app", "Launch app defined by the specified config file"},
-			{"run", "Configure and start a permissive default sandbox"},
-			{"ps", "List active apps and their state"},
-			{"version", "Show fortify version"},
-			{"license", "Show full license text"},
-			{"template", "Produce a config template"},
-			{"help", "Show this help message"},
-		}
-		for _, c := range commands {
-			_, _ = fmt.Fprintf(w, "\t%s\t%s\n", c[0], c[1])
-		}
-		if err := w.Flush(); err != nil {
-			fmt.Printf("fortify: cannot write command list: %v\n", err)
-		}
-		fmt.Println()
-	}
-	flag.Parse()
-	fmsg.SetVerbose(flagVerbose)
+	// version/license/template command early exit
+	tryVersion()
+	tryLicense()
+	tryTemplate()

-	args := flag.Args()
-	if len(args) == 0 {
-		flag.CommandLine.Usage()
-		fmsg.Exit(0)
-	}
-
-	switch args[0] {
-	case "version": // print version string
-		if v, ok := internal.Check(internal.Version); ok {
-			fmt.Println(v)
-		} else {
-			fmt.Println("impure")
-		}
-		fmsg.Exit(0)
-	case "license": // print embedded license
-		fmt.Println(license)
-		fmsg.Exit(0)
-	case "template": // print full template configuration
-		if s, err := json.MarshalIndent(app.Template(), "", "  "); err != nil {
-			fmsg.Fatalf("cannot generate template: %v", err)
-			panic("unreachable")
-		} else {
-			fmt.Println(string(s))
-		}
-		fmsg.Exit(0)
-	case "help": // print help message
-		flag.CommandLine.Usage()
-		fmsg.Exit(0)
-	case "ps": // print all state info
-		var w *tabwriter.Writer
-		state.MustPrintLauncherStateSimpleGlobal(&w, os.Paths().RunDirPath)
-		if w != nil {
-			if err := w.Flush(); err != nil {
-				fmsg.Println("cannot format output:", err)
-			}
-		} else {
-			fmt.Println("No information available")
-		}
-
-		fmsg.Exit(0)
-	case "app": // launch app from configuration file
-		if len(args) < 2 {
-			fmsg.Fatal("app requires at least 1 argument")
-		}
-
-		config := new(app.Config)
-		if f, err := os.Open(args[1]); err != nil {
-			fmsg.Fatalf("cannot access config file %q: %s", args[1], err)
-			panic("unreachable")
-		} else if err = json.NewDecoder(f).Decode(&config); err != nil {
-			fmsg.Fatalf("cannot parse config file %q: %s", args[1], err)
-			panic("unreachable")
-		}
-
-		// append extra args
-		config.Command = append(config.Command, args[2:]...)
-
-		// invoke app
-		runApp(config)
-	case "run": // run app in permissive defaults usage pattern
-		set := flag.NewFlagSet("run", flag.ExitOnError)
-
-		var (
-			dbusConfigSession string
-			dbusConfigSystem  string
-			dbusID            string
-			mpris             bool
-			dbusVerbose       bool
-
-			aid         int
-			groups      gl
-			homeDir     string
-			userName    string
-			enablements [system.ELen]bool
-		)
-
-		set.StringVar(&dbusConfigSession, "dbus-config", "builtin", "Path to D-Bus proxy config file, or \"builtin\" for defaults")
-		set.StringVar(&dbusConfigSystem, "dbus-system", "nil", "Path to system D-Bus proxy config file, or \"nil\" to disable")
-		set.StringVar(&dbusID, "dbus-id", "", "D-Bus ID of application, leave empty to disable own paths, has no effect if custom config is available")
-		set.BoolVar(&mpris, "mpris", false, "Allow owning MPRIS D-Bus path, has no effect if custom config is available")
-		set.BoolVar(&dbusVerbose, "dbus-log", false, "Force logging in the D-Bus proxy")
-
-		set.IntVar(&aid, "a", 0, "Fortify application ID")
-		set.Var(&groups, "g", "Groups inherited by the app process")
-		set.StringVar(&homeDir, "d", "os", "Application home directory")
-		set.StringVar(&userName, "u", "chronos", "Passwd name within sandbox")
-		set.BoolVar(&enablements[system.EWayland], "wayland", false, "Share Wayland socket")
-		set.BoolVar(&enablements[system.EX11], "X", false, "Share X11 socket and allow connection")
-		set.BoolVar(&enablements[system.EDBus], "dbus", false, "Proxy D-Bus connection")
-		set.BoolVar(&enablements[system.EPulse], "pulse", false, "Share PulseAudio socket and cookie")
-
-		// Ignore errors; set is set for ExitOnError.
-		_ = set.Parse(args[1:])
-
-		// initialise config from flags
-		config := &app.Config{
-			ID:      dbusID,
-			Command: set.Args(),
-		}
-
-		if aid < 0 || aid > 9999 {
-			fmsg.Fatalf("aid %d out of range", aid)
-			panic("unreachable")
-		}
-
-		// resolve home/username from os when flag is unset
-		var (
-			passwd     *user.User
-			passwdOnce sync.Once
-			passwdFunc = func() {
-				var us string
-				if uid, err := os.Uid(aid); err != nil {
-					fmsg.Fatalf("cannot obtain uid from fsu: %v", err)
-				} else {
-					us = strconv.Itoa(uid)
-				}
-
-				if u, err := user.LookupId(us); err != nil {
-					fmsg.VPrintf("cannot look up uid %s", us)
-					passwd = &user.User{
-						Uid:      us,
-						Gid:      us,
-						Username: "chronos",
-						Name:     "Fortify",
-						HomeDir:  "/var/empty",
-					}
-				} else {
-					passwd = u
-				}
-			}
-		)
-
-		if homeDir == "os" {
-			passwdOnce.Do(passwdFunc)
-			homeDir = passwd.HomeDir
-		}
-
-		if userName == "chronos" {
-			passwdOnce.Do(passwdFunc)
-			userName = passwd.Username
-		}
-
-		config.Confinement.AppID = aid
-		config.Confinement.Groups = groups
-		config.Confinement.Outer = homeDir
-		config.Confinement.Username = userName
-
-		// enablements from flags
-		for i := system.Enablement(0); i < system.Enablement(system.ELen); i++ {
-			if enablements[i] {
-				config.Confinement.Enablements.Set(i)
-			}
-		}
-
-		// parse D-Bus config file from flags if applicable
-		if enablements[system.EDBus] {
-			if dbusConfigSession == "builtin" {
-				config.Confinement.SessionBus = dbus.NewConfig(dbusID, true, mpris)
-			} else {
-				if c, err := dbus.NewConfigFromFile(dbusConfigSession); err != nil {
-					fmsg.Fatalf("cannot load session bus proxy config from %q: %s", dbusConfigSession, err)
-				} else {
-					config.Confinement.SessionBus = c
-				}
-			}
-
-			// system bus proxy is optional
-			if dbusConfigSystem != "nil" {
-				if c, err := dbus.NewConfigFromFile(dbusConfigSystem); err != nil {
-					fmsg.Fatalf("cannot load system bus proxy config from %q: %s", dbusConfigSystem, err)
-				} else {
-					config.Confinement.SystemBus = c
-				}
-			}
-
-			// override log from configuration
-			if dbusVerbose {
-				config.Confinement.SessionBus.Log = true
-				config.Confinement.SystemBus.Log = true
-			}
-		}
-
-		// invoke app
-		runApp(config)
-	default:
-		fmsg.Fatalf("%q is not a valid command", args[0])
-	}
-
-	panic("unreachable")
-}
-
-func runApp(config *app.Config) {
-	if os.SdBooted() {
-		fmsg.VPrintln("system booted with systemd as init system")
-	}
+	// state query command early exit
+	tryState()

+	// invoke app
 	a, err := app.New(os)
 	if err != nil {
 		fmsg.Fatalf("cannot create app: %s\n", err)
-	} else if err = a.Seal(config); err != nil {
+	} else if err = a.Seal(loadConfig()); err != nil {
 		logBaseError(err, "cannot seal app:")
 		fmsg.Exit(1)
 	} else if err = a.Start(); err != nil {
@ -302,5 +75,4 @@ func runApp(config *app.Config) {
 		fmsg.Println("inner wait failed:", err)
 	}
 	fmsg.Exit(r)
-	panic("unreachable")
 }
--- a/nixos.nix
+++ b/nixos.nix
@ -7,212 +7,290 @@

 let
  inherit (lib)
+    types
+    mkOption
+    mkEnableOption
    mkIf
-    mkDefault
    mapAttrs
    mapAttrsToList
-    mergeAttrsList
-    imap1
-    foldr
    foldlAttrs
    optional
-    optionals
    ;

  cfg = config.environment.fortify;
 in

 {
-  imports = [ ./options.nix ];
+  options = {
+    environment.fortify = {
+      enable = mkEnableOption "fortify";
+
+      target = mkOption {
+        default = { };
+        type =
+          let
+            inherit (types)
+              str
+              enum
+              bool
+              package
+              anything
+              submodule
+              listOf
+              attrsOf
+              nullOr
+              ;
+          in
+          attrsOf (submodule {
+            options = {
+              packages = mkOption {
+                type = listOf package;
+                default = [ ];
+                description = ''
+                  List of extra packages to install via home-manager.
+                '';
+              };
+
+              launchers = mkOption {
+                type = attrsOf (submodule {
+                  options = {
+                    command = mkOption {
+                      type = nullOr str;
+                      default = null;
+                      description = ''
+                        Command to run as the target user.
+                        Setting this to null will default command to wrapper name.
+                      '';
+                    };
+
+                    dbus = {
+                      config = mkOption {
+                        type = nullOr anything;
+                        default = null;
+                        description = ''
+                          D-Bus custom configuration.
+                          Setting this to null will enable built-in defaults.
+                        '';
+                      };
+
+                      configSystem = mkOption {
+                        type = nullOr anything;
+                        default = null;
+                        description = ''
+                          D-Bus system bus custom configuration.
+                          Setting this to null will disable the system bus proxy.
+                        '';
+                      };
+
+                      id = mkOption {
+                        type = nullOr str;
+                        default = null;
+                        description = ''
+                          D-Bus application id.
+                          Setting this to null will disable own path in defaults.
+                          Has no effect if custom configuration is set.
+                        '';
+                      };
+
+                      mpris = mkOption {
+                        type = bool;
+                        default = false;
+                        description = ''
+                          Whether to enable MPRIS in D-Bus defaults.
+                        '';
+                      };
+                    };
+
+                    capability = {
+                      wayland = mkOption {
+                        type = bool;
+                        default = true;
+                        description = ''
+                          Whether to share the Wayland socket.
+                        '';
+                      };
+
+                      x11 = mkOption {
+                        type = bool;
+                        default = false;
+                        description = ''
+                          Whether to share the X11 socket and allow connection.
+                        '';
+                      };
+
+                      dbus = mkOption {
+                        type = bool;
+                        default = true;
+                        description = ''
+                          Whether to proxy D-Bus.
+                        '';
+                      };
+
+                      pulse = mkOption {
+                        type = bool;
+                        default = true;
+                        description = ''
+                          Whether to share the PulseAudio socket and cookie.
+                        '';
+                      };
+                    };
+
+                    share = mkOption {
+                      type = nullOr package;
+                      default = null;
+                      description = ''
+                        Package containing share files.
+                        Setting this to null will default package name to wrapper name.
+                      '';
+                    };
+
+                    method = mkOption {
+                      type = enum [
+                        "simple"
+                        "sudo"
+                        "systemd"
+                      ];
+                      default = "systemd";
+                      description = ''
+                        Launch method for the sandboxed program.
+                      '';
+                    };
+                  };
+                });
+                default = { };
+              };
+
+              persistence = mkOption {
+                type = submodule {
+                  options = {
+                    directories = mkOption {
+                      type = listOf anything;
+                      default = [ ];
+                    };
+
+                    files = mkOption {
+                      type = listOf anything;
+                      default = [ ];
+                    };
+                  };
+                };
+                description = ''
+                  Per-user state passed to github:nix-community/impermanence.
+                '';
+              };
+
+              extraConfig = mkOption {
+                type = anything;
+                default = { };
+                description = "Extra home-manager configuration.";
+              };
+            };
+          });
+      };
+
+      package = mkOption {
+        type = types.package;
+        default = pkgs.callPackage ./package.nix { };
+        description = "Package providing fortify.";
+      };
+
+      user = mkOption {
+        type = types.str;
+        description = "Privileged user account.";
+      };
+
+      stateDir = mkOption {
+        type = types.str;
+        description = ''
+          The path to persistent storage where per-user state should be stored.
+        '';
+      };
+    };
+  };

  config = mkIf cfg.enable {
-    security.wrappers.fsu = {
-      source = "${cfg.package}/libexec/fsu";
-      setuid = true;
-      owner = "root";
-      setgid = true;
-      group = "root";
-    };
+    environment.persistence.${cfg.stateDir}.users = mapAttrs (_: target: target.persistence) cfg.target;

-    environment.etc = {
-      fsurc = {
-        mode = "0400";
-        text = foldlAttrs (
-          acc: username: fid:
-          "${toString config.users.users.${username}.uid} ${toString fid}\n" + acc
-        ) "" cfg.users;
-      };
-
-      userdb.source = pkgs.runCommand "fortify-userdb" { } ''
-        ${cfg.package}/libexec/fuserdb -o $out ${
-          foldlAttrs (
-            acc: username: fid:
-            acc + " ${username}:${toString fid}"
-          ) "-s /run/current-system/sw/bin/nologin -d ${cfg.stateDir}" cfg.users
-        }
-      '';
-    };
-
-    services.userdbd.enable = mkDefault true;
-
-    home-manager =
-      let
-        privPackages = mapAttrs (username: fid: {
-          home.packages =
-            let
-              # aid 0 is reserved
-              wrappers = imap1 (
-                aid: app:
+    home-manager.users =
+      mapAttrs (_: target: target.extraConfig // { home.packages = target.packages; }) cfg.target
+      // {
+        ${cfg.user}.home.packages =
+          let
+            wrap =
+              user: launchers:
+              mapAttrsToList (
+                name: launcher:
+                with launcher.capability;
                let
-                  extendDBusDefault = id: ext: {
-                    filter = true;
-
-                    talk = [ "org.freedesktop.Notifications" ] ++ ext.talk;
-                    own =
-                      (optionals (app.id != null) [
-                        "${id}.*"
-                        "org.mpris.MediaPlayer2.${id}.*"
-                      ])
-                      ++ ext.own;
-
-                    inherit (ext) call broadcast;
-                  };
+                  command = if launcher.command == null then name else launcher.command;
                  dbusConfig =
-                    let
-                      default = {
-                        talk = [ ];
-                        own = [ ];
-                        call = { };
-                        broadcast = { };
-                      };
-                    in
-                    {
-                      session_bus =
-                        if app.dbus.session != null then
-                          (app.dbus.session (extendDBusDefault app.id))
-                        else
-                          (extendDBusDefault app.id default);
-                      system_bus = app.dbus.system;
-                    };
-                  command = if app.command == null then app.name else app.command;
-                  script = if app.script == null then ("exec " + command + " $@") else app.script;
-                  enablements =
-                    with app.capability;
-                    (if wayland then 1 else 0)
-                    + (if x11 then 2 else 0)
-                    + (if dbus then 4 else 0)
-                    + (if pulse then 8 else 0);
-                  conf = {
-                    inherit (app) id;
-                    command = [
-                      (pkgs.writeScript "${app.name}-start" ''
-                        #!${pkgs.zsh}${pkgs.zsh.shellPath}
-                        ${script}
-                      '')
-                    ];
-                    confinement = {
-                      app_id = aid;
-                      inherit (app) groups;
-                      username = "u${toString fid}_a${toString aid}";
-                      home = "${cfg.stateDir}/${toString fid}/${toString aid}";
-                      sandbox = {
-                        inherit (app)
-                          userns
-                          net
-                          dev
-                          env
-                          ;
-                        map_real_uid = app.mapRealUid;
-                        filesystem =
-                          [
-                            { src = "/bin"; }
-                            { src = "/usr/bin"; }
-                            { src = "/nix/store"; }
-                            { src = "/run/current-system"; }
-                            {
-                              src = "/sys/block";
-                              require = false;
-                            }
-                            {
-                              src = "/sys/bus";
-                              require = false;
-                            }
-                            {
-                              src = "/sys/class";
-                              require = false;
-                            }
-                            {
-                              src = "/sys/dev";
-                              require = false;
-                            }
-                            {
-                              src = "/sys/devices";
-                              require = false;
-                            }
-                          ]
-                          ++ optionals app.nix [
-                            { src = "/nix/var"; }
-                            { src = "/var/db/nix-channels"; }
-                          ]
-                          ++ optionals (if app.gpu != null then app.gpu else app.capability.wayland || app.capability.x11) [
-                            { src = "/run/opengl-driver"; }
-                            {
-                              src = "/dev/dri";
-                              dev = true;
-                            }
-                          ]
-                          ++ app.extraPaths;
-                        auto_etc = true;
-                        override = [ "/var/run/nscd" ];
-                      };
-                      inherit enablements;
-                      inherit (dbusConfig) session_bus system_bus;
-                    };
-                  };
+                    if launcher.dbus.config != null then
+                      pkgs.writeText "${name}-dbus.json" (builtins.toJSON launcher.dbus.config)
+                    else
+                      null;
+                  dbusSystem =
+                    if launcher.dbus.configSystem != null then
+                      pkgs.writeText "${name}-dbus-system.json" (builtins.toJSON launcher.dbus.configSystem)
+                    else
+                      null;
+                  capArgs =
+                    (if wayland then " --wayland" else "")
+                    + (if x11 then " -X" else "")
+                    + (if dbus then " --dbus" else "")
+                    + (if pulse then " --pulse" else "")
+                    + (if launcher.dbus.mpris then " --mpris" else "")
+                    + (if launcher.dbus.id != null then " --dbus-id ${launcher.dbus.id}" else "")
+                    + (if dbusConfig != null then " --dbus-config ${dbusConfig}" else "")
+                    + (if dbusSystem != null then " --dbus-system ${dbusSystem}" else "");
                in
-                pkgs.writeShellScriptBin app.name ''
-                  exec fortify app ${pkgs.writeText "fortify-${app.name}.json" (builtins.toJSON conf)} $@
-                ''
-              ) cfg.apps;
-            in
-            foldr (
-              app: acc:
+                pkgs.writeShellScriptBin name (
+                  if launcher.method == "simple" then
+                    ''
+                      exec sudo -u ${user} -i ${command} $@
+                    ''
+                  else
+                    ''
+                      exec fortify${capArgs} --method ${launcher.method} -u ${user} $SHELL -c "exec ${command} $@"
+                    ''
+                )
+              ) launchers;
+          in
+          foldlAttrs (
+            acc: user: target:
+            acc
+            ++ (foldlAttrs (
+              shares: name: launcher:
              let
-                pkg = if app.share != null then app.share else pkgs.${app.name};
-                copy = source: "[ -d '${source}' ] && cp -Lrv '${source}' $out/share || true";
+                pkg = if launcher.share != null then launcher.share else pkgs.${name};
+                link = source: "[ -d '${source}' ] && ln -sv '${source}' $out/share || true";
              in
-              optional (app.capability.wayland || app.capability.x11) (
-                pkgs.runCommand "${app.name}-share" { } ''
-                  mkdir -p $out/share
-                  ${copy "${pkg}/share/applications"}
-                  ${copy "${pkg}/share/pixmaps"}
-                  ${copy "${pkg}/share/icons"}
-                  ${copy "${pkg}/share/man"}
-
-                  substituteInPlace $out/share/applications/* \
-                    --replace-warn '${pkg}/bin/' "" \
-                    --replace-warn '${pkg}/libexec/' ""
-                ''
-              )
-              ++ acc
-            ) (wrappers ++ [ cfg.package ]) cfg.apps;
-        }) cfg.users;
-      in
-      {
-        useUserPackages = false; # prevent users.users entries from being added
-
-        users = foldlAttrs (
-          acc: _: fid:
-          mergeAttrsList (
-            # aid 0 is reserved
-            imap1 (aid: app: {
-              "u${toString fid}_a${toString aid}" = app.extraConfig // {
-                home.packages = app.packages;
-              };
-            }) cfg.apps
-          )
-          // acc
-        ) privPackages cfg.users;
+              shares
+              ++
+                optional (launcher.method != "simple" && (launcher.capability.wayland || launcher.capability.x11))
+                  (
+                    pkgs.runCommand "${name}-share" { } ''
+                      mkdir -p $out/share
+                      ${link "${pkg}/share/applications"}
+                      ${link "${pkg}/share/icons"}
+                      ${link "${pkg}/share/man"}
+                    ''
+                  )
+            ) (wrap user target.launchers) target.launchers)
+          ) [ cfg.package ] cfg.target;
      };
+
+    security.polkit.extraConfig =
+      let
+        allowList = builtins.toJSON (mapAttrsToList (name: _: name) cfg.target);
+      in
+      ''
+        polkit.addRule(function(action, subject) {
+          if (action.id == "org.freedesktop.machine1.host-shell" &&
+            ${allowList}.indexOf(action.lookup("user")) > -1 &&
+            subject.user == "${cfg.user}") {
+                return polkit.Result.YES;
+          }
+        });
+      '';
  };
 }
--- a/options.md
+++ b/options.md
@ -1,531 +0,0 @@
-## environment\.fortify\.enable
-
-
-
-Whether to enable fortify\.
-
-
-
-*Type:*
-boolean
-
-
-
-*Default:*
-` false `
-
-
-
-*Example:*
-` true `
-
-
-
-
-## environment\.fortify\.package
-
-
-
-The fortify package to use\.
-
-
-
-*Type:*
-package
-
-
-
-*Default:*
-` <derivation fortify-0.1.0> `
-
-
-
-
-## environment\.fortify\.apps
-
-Declarative fortify apps\.
-
-
-
-*Type:*
-list of (submodule)
-
-
-
-*Default:*
-` [ ] `
-
-
-
-
-## environment\.fortify\.apps\.\*\.packages
-
-
-
-List of extra packages to install via home-manager\.
-
-
-
-*Type:*
-list of package
-
-
-
-*Default:*
-` [ ] `
-
-
-
-
-## environment\.fortify\.apps\.\*\.capability\.dbus
-
-
-
-Whether to proxy D-Bus\.
-
-
-
-*Type:*
-boolean
-
-
-
-*Default:*
-` true `
-
-
-
-
-## environment\.fortify\.apps\.\*\.capability\.pulse
-
-
-
-Whether to share the PulseAudio socket and cookie\.
-
-
-
-*Type:*
-boolean
-
-
-
-*Default:*
-` true `
-
-
-
-
-## environment\.fortify\.apps\.\*\.capability\.wayland
-
-
-
-Whether to share the Wayland socket\.
-
-
-
-*Type:*
-boolean
-
-
-
-*Default:*
-` true `
-
-
-
-
-## environment\.fortify\.apps\.\*\.capability\.x11
-
-
-
-Whether to share the X11 socket and allow connection\.
-
-
-
-*Type:*
-boolean
-
-
-
-*Default:*
-` false `
-
-
-
-
-## environment\.fortify\.apps\.\*\.command
-
-
-
-Command to run as the target user\.
-Setting this to null will default command to launcher name\.
-Has no effect when script is set\.
-
-
-
-*Type:*
-null or string
-
-
-
-*Default:*
-` null `
-
-
-
-
-## environment\.fortify\.apps\.\*\.dbus\.session
-
-
-
-D-Bus session bus custom configuration\.
-Setting this to null will enable built-in defaults\.
-
-
-
-*Type:*
-null or (function that evaluates to a(n) anything)
-
-
-
-*Default:*
-` null `
-
-
-
-
-## environment\.fortify\.apps\.\*\.dbus\.system
-
-
-
-D-Bus system bus custom configuration\.
-Setting this to null will disable the system bus proxy\.
-
-
-
-*Type:*
-null or anything
-
-
-
-*Default:*
-` null `
-
-
-
-
-## environment\.fortify\.apps\.\*\.dev
-
-
-
-Whether to enable access to all devices within the sandbox\.
-
-
-
-*Type:*
-boolean
-
-
-
-*Default:*
-` false `
-
-
-
-*Example:*
-` true `
-
-
-
-
-## environment\.fortify\.apps\.\*\.env
-
-
-
-Environment variables to set for the initial process in the sandbox\.
-
-
-
-*Type:*
-null or (attribute set of string)
-
-
-
-*Default:*
-` null `
-
-
-
-
-## environment\.fortify\.apps\.\*\.extraConfig
-
-
-
-Extra home-manager configuration\.
-
-
-
-*Type:*
-anything
-
-
-
-*Default:*
-` { } `
-
-
-
-
-## environment\.fortify\.apps\.\*\.extraPaths
-
-
-
-Extra paths to make available to the sandbox\.
-
-
-
-*Type:*
-list of anything
-
-
-
-*Default:*
-` [ ] `
-
-
-
-
-## environment\.fortify\.apps\.\*\.gpu
-
-
-
-Target process GPU and driver access\.
-Setting this to null will enable GPU whenever X or Wayland is enabled\.
-
-
-
-*Type:*
-null or boolean
-
-
-
-*Default:*
-` null `
-
-
-
-
-## environment\.fortify\.apps\.\*\.groups
-
-
-
-List of groups to inherit from the privileged user\.
-
-
-
-*Type:*
-list of string
-
-
-
-*Default:*
-` [ ] `
-
-
-
-
-## environment\.fortify\.apps\.\*\.id
-
-
-
-Freedesktop application ID\.
-
-
-
-*Type:*
-null or string
-
-
-
-*Default:*
-` null `
-
-
-
-
-## environment\.fortify\.apps\.\*\.mapRealUid
-
-
-
-Whether to enable mapping to fortify’s real UID within the sandbox\.
-
-
-
-*Type:*
-boolean
-
-
-
-*Default:*
-` false `
-
-
-
-*Example:*
-` true `
-
-
-
-
-## environment\.fortify\.apps\.\*\.name
-
-
-
-Name of the app’s launcher script\.
-
-
-
-*Type:*
-string
-
-
-
-
-## environment\.fortify\.apps\.\*\.net
-
-
-
-Whether to enable network access within the sandbox\.
-
-
-
-*Type:*
-boolean
-
-
-
-*Default:*
-` true `
-
-
-
-*Example:*
-` true `
-
-
-
-
-## environment\.fortify\.apps\.\*\.nix
-
-
-
-Whether to enable nix daemon access within the sandbox\.
-
-
-
-*Type:*
-boolean
-
-
-
-*Default:*
-` false `
-
-
-
-*Example:*
-` true `
-
-
-
-
-## environment\.fortify\.apps\.\*\.script
-
-
-
-Application launch script\.
-
-
-
-*Type:*
-null or string
-
-
-
-*Default:*
-` null `
-
-
-
-
-## environment\.fortify\.apps\.\*\.share
-
-
-
-Package containing share files\.
-Setting this to null will default package name to wrapper name\.
-
-
-
-*Type:*
-null or package
-
-
-
-*Default:*
-` null `
-
-
-
-
-## environment\.fortify\.apps\.\*\.userns
-
-
-
-Whether to enable userns within the sandbox\.
-
-
-
-*Type:*
-boolean
-
-
-
-*Default:*
-` false `
-
-
-
-*Example:*
-` true `
-
-
-
-
-## environment\.fortify\.stateDir
-
-
-
-The state directory where app home directories are stored\.
-
-
-
-*Type:*
-string
-
-
-
-
-## environment\.fortify\.users
-
-
-
-Users allowed to spawn fortify apps and their corresponding fortify fid\.
-
-
-
-*Type:*
-attribute set of integer between 0 and 99 (both inclusive)
-
-
-
--- a/options.nix
+++ b/options.nix
@ -1,214 +0,0 @@
-{ lib, pkgs, ... }:
-
-let
-  inherit (lib) types mkOption mkEnableOption;
-in
-
-{
-  options = {
-    environment.fortify = {
-      enable = mkEnableOption "fortify";
-
-      package = mkOption {
-        type = types.package;
-        default = pkgs.callPackage ./package.nix { };
-        description = "The fortify package to use.";
-      };
-
-      users = mkOption {
-        type =
-          let
-            inherit (types) attrsOf ints;
-          in
-          attrsOf (ints.between 0 99);
-        description = ''
-          Users allowed to spawn fortify apps and their corresponding fortify fid.
-        '';
-      };
-
-      apps = mkOption {
-        type =
-          let
-            inherit (types)
-              str
-              enum
-              bool
-              package
-              anything
-              submodule
-              listOf
-              attrsOf
-              nullOr
-              functionTo
-              ;
-          in
-          listOf (submodule {
-            options = {
-              name = mkOption {
-                type = str;
-                description = ''
-                  Name of the app's launcher script.
-                '';
-              };
-
-              id = mkOption {
-                type = nullOr str;
-                default = null;
-                description = ''
-                  Freedesktop application ID.
-                '';
-              };
-
-              packages = mkOption {
-                type = listOf package;
-                default = [ ];
-                description = ''
-                  List of extra packages to install via home-manager.
-                '';
-              };
-
-              extraConfig = mkOption {
-                type = anything;
-                default = { };
-                description = ''
-                  Extra home-manager configuration.
-                '';
-              };
-
-              script = mkOption {
-                type = nullOr str;
-                default = null;
-                description = ''
-                  Application launch script.
-                '';
-              };
-
-              command = mkOption {
-                type = nullOr str;
-                default = null;
-                description = ''
-                  Command to run as the target user.
-                  Setting this to null will default command to launcher name.
-                  Has no effect when script is set.
-                '';
-              };
-
-              groups = mkOption {
-                type = listOf str;
-                default = [ ];
-                description = ''
-                  List of groups to inherit from the privileged user.
-                '';
-              };
-
-              dbus = {
-                session = mkOption {
-                  type = nullOr (functionTo anything);
-                  default = null;
-                  description = ''
-                    D-Bus session bus custom configuration.
-                    Setting this to null will enable built-in defaults.
-                  '';
-                };
-
-                system = mkOption {
-                  type = nullOr anything;
-                  default = null;
-                  description = ''
-                    D-Bus system bus custom configuration.
-                    Setting this to null will disable the system bus proxy.
-                  '';
-                };
-              };
-
-              env = mkOption {
-                type = nullOr (attrsOf str);
-                default = null;
-                description = ''
-                  Environment variables to set for the initial process in the sandbox.
-                '';
-              };
-
-              nix = mkEnableOption "nix daemon access within the sandbox";
-              userns = mkEnableOption "userns within the sandbox";
-              mapRealUid = mkEnableOption "mapping to fortify's real UID within the sandbox";
-              dev = mkEnableOption "access to all devices within the sandbox";
-
-              net = mkEnableOption "network access within the sandbox" // {
-                default = true;
-              };
-
-              gpu = mkOption {
-                type = nullOr bool;
-                default = null;
-                description = ''
-                  Target process GPU and driver access.
-                  Setting this to null will enable GPU whenever X or Wayland is enabled.
-                '';
-              };
-
-              extraPaths = mkOption {
-                type = listOf anything;
-                default = [ ];
-                description = ''
-                  Extra paths to make available to the sandbox.
-                '';
-              };
-
-              capability = {
-                wayland = mkOption {
-                  type = bool;
-                  default = true;
-                  description = ''
-                    Whether to share the Wayland socket.
-                  '';
-                };
-
-                x11 = mkOption {
-                  type = bool;
-                  default = false;
-                  description = ''
-                    Whether to share the X11 socket and allow connection.
-                  '';
-                };
-
-                dbus = mkOption {
-                  type = bool;
-                  default = true;
-                  description = ''
-                    Whether to proxy D-Bus.
-                  '';
-                };
-
-                pulse = mkOption {
-                  type = bool;
-                  default = true;
-                  description = ''
-                    Whether to share the PulseAudio socket and cookie.
-                  '';
-                };
-              };
-
-              share = mkOption {
-                type = nullOr package;
-                default = null;
-                description = ''
-                  Package containing share files.
-                  Setting this to null will default package name to wrapper name.
-                '';
-              };
-            };
-          });
-        default = [ ];
-        description = "Declarative fortify apps.";
-      };
-
-      stateDir = mkOption {
-        type = types.str;
-        description = ''
-          The state directory where app home directories are stored.
-        '';
-      };
-    };
-  };
-}
--- a/package.nix
+++ b/package.nix
@ -10,34 +10,19 @@

 buildGoModule rec {
  pname = "fortify";
-  version = "0.2.1";
+  version = "0.0.10";

  src = ./.;
  vendorHash = null;

-  ldflags =
-    lib.attrsets.foldlAttrs
-      (
-        ldflags: name: value:
-        ldflags
-        ++ [
-          "-X"
-          "git.ophivana.moe/security/fortify/internal.${name}=${value}"
-        ]
-      )
-      [
-        "-s"
-        "-w"
-        "-X"
-        "main.Fmain=${placeholder "out"}/libexec/fortify"
-        "-X"
-        "main.Fshim=${placeholder "out"}/libexec/fshim"
-      ]
-      {
-        Version = "v${version}";
-        Fsu = "/run/wrappers/bin/fsu";
-        Finit = "${placeholder "out"}/libexec/finit";
-      };
+  ldflags = [
+    "-s"
+    "-w"
+    "-X"
+    "main.Version=v${version}"
+    "-X"
+    "main.FortifyPath=${placeholder "out"}/bin/.fortify-wrapped"
+  ];

  buildInputs = [
    acl
@ -47,15 +32,13 @@ buildGoModule rec {
  nativeBuildInputs = [ makeBinaryWrapper ];

  postInstall = ''
-    mkdir "$out/libexec"
-    mv "$out"/bin/* "$out/libexec/"
+    wrapProgram $out/bin/${pname} --prefix PATH : ${
+      lib.makeBinPath [
+        bubblewrap
+        xdg-dbus-proxy
+      ]
+    }

-    makeBinaryWrapper "$out/libexec/fortify" "$out/bin/fortify" \
-      --inherit-argv0 --prefix PATH : ${
-        lib.makeBinPath [
-          bubblewrap
-          xdg-dbus-proxy
-        ]
-      }
+    mv $out/bin/fsu $out/bin/.fsu
  '';
 }
--- a/state.go
+++ b/state.go
@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+package main
+
+import (
+	"flag"
+	"fmt"
+	"text/tabwriter"
+
+	"git.ophivana.moe/security/fortify/internal/fmsg"
+	"git.ophivana.moe/security/fortify/internal/state"
+)
+
+var (
+	stateActionEarly bool
+)
+
+func init() {
+	flag.BoolVar(&stateActionEarly, "state", false, "print state information of active launchers")
+}
+
+// tryState is called after app initialisation
+func tryState() {
+	if stateActionEarly {
+		var w *tabwriter.Writer
+		state.MustPrintLauncherStateSimpleGlobal(&w, os.Paths().RunDirPath)
+		if w != nil {
+			if err := w.Flush(); err != nil {
+				fmsg.Println("cannot format output:", err)
+			}
+		} else {
+			fmt.Println("No information available")
+		}
+
+		fmsg.Exit(0)
+	}
+}
--- a/version.go
+++ b/version.go
@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+package main
+
+import (
+	"flag"
+	"fmt"
+)
+
+var (
+	Version = "impure"
+
+	printVersion bool
+)
+
+func init() {
+	flag.BoolVar(&printVersion, "V", false, "Print version")
+}
+
+func tryVersion() {
+	if printVersion {
+		fmt.Println(Version)
+		os.Exit(0)
+	}
+}
--- a/xcb/export.go
+++ b/xcb/export.go
@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-// Package xcb implements X11 ChangeHosts via libxcb.
 package xcb

 //#include <stdlib.h>