36 changed files with 1172 additions and 2137 deletions
--- a/.gitea/workflows/release.yml
+++ b/.gitea/workflows/release.yml
@ -33,9 +33,9 @@ jobs:
          go build -v -ldflags '-s -w
          -X git.ophivana.moe/security/fortify/internal.Version=${{ github.ref_name }}
          -X git.ophivana.moe/security/fortify/internal.Fsu=/usr/bin/fsu
+          -X git.ophivana.moe/security/fortify/internal.Fshim=/usr/libexec/fortify/fshim
          -X git.ophivana.moe/security/fortify/internal.Finit=/usr/libexec/fortify/finit
-          -X main.Fmain=/usr/bin/fortify
-          -X main.Fshim=/usr/libexec/fortify/fshim'
+          -X main.Fmain=/usr/bin/fortify'
          -o bin/ ./... &&
          (cd bin && sha512sum --tag -b * > sha512sums)

--- a/.gitea/workflows/test.yml
+++ b/.gitea/workflows/test.yml
@ -36,8 +36,8 @@ jobs:
          go build -v -ldflags '-s -w
          -X git.ophivana.moe/security/fortify/internal.Version=${{ github.ref_name }}
          -X git.ophivana.moe/security/fortify/internal.Fsu=/usr/bin/fsu
+          -X git.ophivana.moe/security/fortify/internal.Fshim=/usr/libexec/fortify/fshim
          -X git.ophivana.moe/security/fortify/internal.Finit=/usr/libexec/fortify/finit
-          -X main.Fmain=/usr/bin/fortify
-          -X main.Fshim=/usr/libexec/fortify/fshim'
+          -X main.Fmain=/usr/bin/fortify'
          -o bin/ ./... &&
          (cd bin && sha512sum --tag -b * > sha512sums)
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@ -2,7 +2,6 @@ Fortify
 =======

 [![Go Reference](https://pkg.go.dev/badge/git.ophivana.moe/security/fortify.svg)](https://pkg.go.dev/git.ophivana.moe/security/fortify)
-[![Go Report Card](https://goreportcard.com/badge/git.ophivana.moe/security/fortify)](https://goreportcard.com/report/git.ophivana.moe/security/fortify)

 Lets you run graphical applications as another user in a confined environment with a nice NixOS
 module to configure target users and provide launchers and desktop files for your privileged user.
@ -32,9 +31,7 @@ nix run git+https://git.ophivana.moe/security/fortify -- -h

 ## Module usage

-The NixOS module currently requires home-manager to function correctly.
-
-Full module documentation can be found [here](options.md).
+The NixOS module currently requires home-manager and impermanence to function correctly.

 To use the module, import it into your configuration with

@ -71,102 +68,112 @@ This adds the `environment.fortify` option:
 {
  environment.fortify = {
    enable = true;
-    stateDir = "/var/lib/persist/module/fortify";
-    users = {
-      alice = 0;
-      nixos = 10;
-    };
+    user = "nixos";
+    stateDir = "/var/lib/persist/module";
+    target = {
+      chronos = {
+        launchers = {
+          weechat.method = "sudo";
+          claws-mail.capability.pulse = false;

-    apps = [
-      {
-        name = "chromium";
-        id = "org.chromium.Chromium";
-        packages = [ pkgs.chromium ];
-        userns = true;
-        mapRealUid = true;
-        dbus = {
-          system = {
-            filter = true;
-            talk = [
-              "org.bluez"
-              "org.freedesktop.Avahi"
-              "org.freedesktop.UPower"
-            ];
+          discord = {
+            command = "vesktop --ozone-platform-hint=wayland";
+            share = pkgs.vesktop;
          };
-          session =
-            f:
-            f {
+
+          chromium.dbus = {
+            configSystem = {
+              filter = true;
+              talk = [
+                "org.bluez"
+                "org.freedesktop.Avahi"
+                "org.freedesktop.UPower"
+              ];
+            };
+            config = {
+              filter = true;
              talk = [
                "org.freedesktop.DBus"
                "org.freedesktop.FileManager1"
                "org.freedesktop.Notifications"
                "org.freedesktop.ScreenSaver"
                "org.freedesktop.secrets"
-                "org.kde.kwalletd5"
+                "org.kde.kwalletd5"    
                "org.kde.kwalletd6"
-              ];
+              ];   
              own = [
                "org.chromium.Chromium.*"
                "org.mpris.MediaPlayer2.org.chromium.Chromium.*"
                "org.mpris.MediaPlayer2.chromium.*"
              ];
-              call = { };
-              broadcast = { };
+              call = {
+                "org.freedesktop.portal.*" = "*";
+              };
+              broadcast = {
+                "org.freedesktop.portal.*" = "@/org/freedesktop/portal/*";
+              };
            };
+          };
        };
-      }
-      {
-        name = "claws-mail";
-        id = "org.claws_mail.Claws-Mail";
-        packages = [ pkgs.claws-mail ];
-        gpu = false;
-        capability.pulse = false;
-      }
-      {
-        name = "weechat";
-        packages = [ pkgs.weechat ];
-        capability = {
-          wayland = false;
-          x11 = false;
-          dbus = true;
-          pulse = false;
-        };
-      }
-      {
-        name = "discord";
-        id = "dev.vencord.Vesktop";
-        packages = [ pkgs.vesktop ];
-        share = pkgs.vesktop;
-        command = "vesktop --ozone-platform-hint=wayland";
-        userns = true;
-        mapRealUid = true;
-        capability.x11 = true;
-        dbus = {
-          session =
-            f:
-            f {
-              talk = [ "org.kde.StatusNotifierWatcher" ];
-              own = [ ];
-              call = { };
-              broadcast = { };
-            };
-          system.filter = true;
-        };
-      }
-      {
-        name = "looking-glass-client";
-        groups = [ "plugdev" ];
-        extraPaths = [
-          {
-            src = "/dev/shm/looking-glass";
-            write = true;
-          }
+        packages = with pkgs; [
+          weechat
+          claws-mail
+          vesktop
+          chromium
+        ];
+        persistence.directories = [
+          ".config/weechat"
+          ".claws-mail"
+          ".config/vesktop"
        ];
        extraConfig = {
          programs.looking-glass-client.enable = true;
        };
-      }
-    ];
+      };
+    };
  };
 }
 ```
+
+* `enable` determines whether the module should be enabled or not. Useful when sharing configurations between graphical
+  and headless systems. Defaults to `false`.
+
+* `user` specifies the privileged user with access to fortified applications.
+
+* `stateDir` is the path to your persistent storage location. It is directly passed through to the impermanence module.
+
+* `target` is an attribute set of submodules, where the attribute name is the username of the unprivileged target user.
+
+  The available options are:
+
+    * `packages`, the list of packages to make available in the target user's environment.
+
+    * `persistence`, user persistence attribute set passed to impermanence.
+
+    * `extraConfig`, extra home-manager configuration for the target user.
+
+    * `launchers`, attribute set where the attribute name is the name of the launcher.
+
+      The available options are:
+
+        * `command`, the command to run as the target user. Defaults to launcher name.
+
+        * `dbus.config`, D-Bus proxy custom configuration.
+
+        * `dbus.configSystem`, D-Bus system bus custom configuration, null to disable.
+
+        * `dbus.id`, D-Bus application id, has no effect if `dbus.config` is set.
+
+        * `dbus.mpris`, whether to enable MPRIS defaults, has no effect if `dbus.config` is set.
+
+        * `capability.wayland`, whether to share the Wayland socket.
+
+        * `capability.x11`, whether to share the X11 socket and allow connection.
+
+        * `capability.dbus`, whether to proxy D-Bus.
+
+        * `capability.pulse`, whether to share the PulseAudio socket and cookie.
+
+        * `share`, package containing desktop/icon files. Defaults to launcher name.
+
+        * `method`, the launch method for the sandboxed program, can be `"fortify"`, `"fortify-sudo"`, `"sudo"`.
--- a/cmd/finit/main.go
+++ b/cmd/finit/main.go
@ -103,7 +103,7 @@ func main() {
 	if err := cmd.Start(); err != nil {
 		fmsg.Fatalf("cannot start %q: %v", payload.Argv0, err)
 	}
-	fmsg.Suspend()
+	fmsg.Withhold()

 	// close setup pipe as setup is now complete
 	if err := setup.Close(); err != nil {
--- a/cmd/fshim/ipc/shim/shim.go
+++ b/cmd/fshim/ipc/shim/shim.go
@ -5,8 +5,6 @@ import (
 	"net"
 	"os"
 	"os/exec"
-	"os/signal"
-	"strings"
 	"sync"
 	"sync/atomic"
 	"syscall"
@ -14,7 +12,6 @@ import (

 	"git.ophivana.moe/security/fortify/acl"
 	shim0 "git.ophivana.moe/security/fortify/cmd/fshim/ipc"
-	"git.ophivana.moe/security/fortify/internal"
 	"git.ophivana.moe/security/fortify/internal/fmsg"
 )

@ -27,26 +24,24 @@ type Shim struct {
 	cmd *exec.Cmd
 	// uid of shim target user
 	uid uint32
-	// string representation of application id
-	aid string
-	// string representation of supplementary group ids
-	supp []string
+	// whether to check shim pid
+	checkPid bool
+	// user switcher executable path
+	executable string
 	// path to setup socket
 	socket string
 	// shim setup abort reason and completion
 	abort     chan error
 	abortErr  atomic.Pointer[error]
 	abortOnce sync.Once
-	// fallback exit notifier with error returned killing the process
-	killFallback chan error
 	// wayland mediation, nil if disabled
 	wl *shim0.Wayland
 	// shim setup payload
 	payload *shim0.Payload
 }

-func New(uid uint32, aid string, supp []string, socket string, wl *shim0.Wayland, payload *shim0.Payload) *Shim {
-	return &Shim{uid: uid, aid: aid, supp: supp, socket: socket, wl: wl, payload: payload}
+func New(executable string, uid uint32, socket string, wl *shim0.Wayland, payload *shim0.Payload, checkPid bool) *Shim {
+	return &Shim{uid: uid, executable: executable, socket: socket, wl: wl, payload: payload, checkPid: checkPid}
 }

 func (s *Shim) String() string {
@ -73,11 +68,9 @@ func (s *Shim) AbortWait(err error) {
 	<-s.abort
 }

-func (s *Shim) WaitFallback() chan error {
-	return s.killFallback
-}
+type CommandBuilder func(shimEnv string) (args []string)

-func (s *Shim) Start() (*time.Time, error) {
+func (s *Shim) Start(f CommandBuilder) (*time.Time, error) {
 	var (
 		cf     chan *net.UnixConn
 		accept func()
@ -94,51 +87,26 @@ func (s *Shim) Start() (*time.Time, error) {
 	}

 	// start user switcher process and save time
-	var fsu string
-	if p, ok := internal.Check(internal.Fsu); !ok {
-		fmsg.Fatal("invalid fsu path, this copy of fshim is not compiled correctly")
-		panic("unreachable")
-	} else {
-		fsu = p
-	}
-	s.cmd = exec.Command(fsu)
-	s.cmd.Env = []string{
-		shim0.Env + "=" + s.socket,
-		"FORTIFY_APP_ID=" + s.aid,
-	}
-	if len(s.supp) > 0 {
-		fmsg.VPrintf("attaching supplementary group ids %s", s.supp)
-		s.cmd.Env = append(s.cmd.Env, "FORTIFY_GROUPS="+strings.Join(s.supp, " "))
-	}
+	s.cmd = exec.Command(s.executable, f(shim0.Env+"="+s.socket)...)
+	s.cmd.Env = []string{}
 	s.cmd.Stdin, s.cmd.Stdout, s.cmd.Stderr = os.Stdin, os.Stdout, os.Stderr
 	s.cmd.Dir = "/"
-	fmsg.VPrintln("starting shim via fsu:", s.cmd)
-	fmsg.Suspend() // withhold messages to stderr
+	fmsg.VPrintln("starting shim via user switcher:", s.cmd)
+	fmsg.Withhold() // withhold messages to stderr
 	if err := s.cmd.Start(); err != nil {
 		return nil, fmsg.WrapErrorSuffix(err,
-			"cannot start fsu:")
+			"cannot start user switcher:")
 	}
 	startTime := time.Now().UTC()

 	// kill shim if something goes wrong and an error is returned
-	s.killFallback = make(chan error, 1)
 	killShim := func() {
 		if err := s.cmd.Process.Signal(os.Interrupt); err != nil {
-			s.killFallback <- err
+			fmsg.Println("cannot terminate shim on faulted setup:", err)
 		}
 	}
 	defer func() { killShim() }()

-	// take alternative exit path on signal
-	sig := make(chan os.Signal, 2)
-	signal.Notify(sig, syscall.SIGINT, syscall.SIGTERM)
-	go func() {
-		v := <-sig
-		fmsg.Printf("got %s after program start", v)
-		s.killFallback <- nil
-		signal.Ignore(syscall.SIGINT, syscall.SIGTERM)
-	}()
-
 	accept()
 	var conn *net.UnixConn
 	select {
@ -164,7 +132,7 @@ func (s *Shim) Start() (*time.Time, error) {
 		err = errors.New("compromised fortify build")
 		s.Abort(err)
 		return &startTime, err
-	} else if cred.Pid != int32(s.cmd.Process.Pid) {
+	} else if s.checkPid && cred.Pid != int32(s.cmd.Process.Pid) {
 		fmsg.Printf("process %d tried to connect to shim setup socket, expecting shim %d",
 			cred.Pid, s.cmd.Process.Pid)
 		err = errors.New("compromised target user")
--- a/cmd/fshim/main.go
+++ b/cmd/fshim/main.go
@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ func main() {
 	// dial setup socket
 	var conn *net.UnixConn
 	if c, err := net.DialUnix("unix", nil, &net.UnixAddr{Name: socketPath, Net: "unix"}); err != nil {
-		fmsg.Fatal(err.Error())
+		fmsg.Fatal("cannot dial setup socket:", err)
 		panic("unreachable")
 	} else {
 		conn = c
@ -67,7 +67,7 @@ func main() {
 	// decode payload gob stream
 	var payload shim.Payload
 	if err := gob.NewDecoder(conn).Decode(&payload); err != nil {
-		fmsg.Fatalf("cannot decode shim payload: %v", err)
+		fmsg.Fatal("cannot decode shim payload:", err)
 	} else {
 		fmsg.SetVerbose(payload.Verbose)
 	}
@ -80,7 +80,7 @@ func main() {
 	wfd := -1
 	if payload.WL {
 		if fd, err := receiveWLfd(conn); err != nil {
-			fmsg.Fatalf("cannot receive wayland fd: %v", err)
+			fmsg.Fatal("cannot receive wayland fd:", err)
 		} else {
 			wfd = fd
 		}
@ -102,10 +102,7 @@ func main() {
 	} else {
 		// no argv, look up shell instead
 		var ok bool
-		if payload.Bwrap.SetEnv == nil {
-			fmsg.Fatal("no command was specified and environment is unset")
-		}
-		if ic.Argv0, ok = payload.Bwrap.SetEnv["SHELL"]; !ok {
+		if ic.Argv0, ok = os.LookupEnv("SHELL"); !ok {
 			fmsg.Fatal("no command was specified and $SHELL was unset")
 		}

@ -128,7 +125,7 @@ func main() {

 	// share config pipe
 	if r, w, err := os.Pipe(); err != nil {
-		fmsg.Fatalf("cannot pipe: %v", err)
+		fmsg.Fatal("cannot pipe:", err)
 	} else {
 		conf.SetEnv[init0.Env] = strconv.Itoa(3 + len(extraFiles))
 		extraFiles = append(extraFiles, r)
@ -137,7 +134,7 @@ func main() {
 		go func() {
 			// stream config to pipe
 			if err = gob.NewEncoder(w).Encode(&ic); err != nil {
-				fmsg.Fatalf("cannot transmit init config: %v", err)
+				fmsg.Fatal("cannot transmit init config:", err)
 			}
 		}()
 	}
@ -145,7 +142,7 @@ func main() {
 	helper.BubblewrapName = payload.Exec[0] // resolved bwrap path by parent
 	if b, err := helper.NewBwrap(conf, nil, finitPath,
 		func(int, int) []string { return make([]string, 0) }); err != nil {
-		fmsg.Fatalf("malformed sandbox config: %v", err)
+		fmsg.Fatal("malformed sandbox config:", err)
 	} else {
 		cmd := b.Unwrap()
 		cmd.Stdin, cmd.Stdout, cmd.Stderr = os.Stdin, os.Stdout, os.Stderr
@ -157,7 +154,7 @@ func main() {

 		// run and pass through exit code
 		if err = b.Start(); err != nil {
-			fmsg.Fatalf("cannot start target process: %v", err)
+			fmsg.Fatal("cannot start target process:", err)
 		} else if err = b.Wait(); err != nil {
 			fmsg.VPrintln("wait:", err)
 		}
--- a/cmd/fsu/main.go
+++ b/cmd/fsu/main.go
@ -1,12 +1,10 @@
 package main

 import (
-	"bytes"
-	"fmt"
+	"bufio"
 	"log"
 	"os"
 	"path"
-	"slices"
 	"strconv"
 	"strings"
 	"syscall"
@ -17,15 +15,9 @@ const (
 	fsuConfFile = "/etc/fsurc"
 	envShim     = "FORTIFY_SHIM"
 	envAID      = "FORTIFY_APP_ID"
-	envGroups   = "FORTIFY_GROUPS"
-
-	PR_SET_NO_NEW_PRIVS = 0x26
 )

-var (
-	Fmain = compPoison
-	Fshim = compPoison
-)
+var Fmain = compPoison

 func main() {
 	log.SetFlags(0)
@ -41,17 +33,12 @@ func main() {
 		log.Fatal("this program must not be started by root")
 	}

-	var fmain, fshim string
+	var fmain string
 	if p, ok := checkPath(Fmain); !ok {
 		log.Fatal("invalid fortify path, this copy of fsu is not compiled correctly")
 	} else {
 		fmain = p
 	}
-	if p, ok := checkPath(Fshim); !ok {
-		log.Fatal("invalid fshim path, this copy of fsu is not compiled correctly")
-	} else {
-		fshim = p
-	}

 	pexe := path.Join("/proc", strconv.Itoa(os.Getppid()), "exe")
 	if p, err := os.Readlink(pexe); err != nil {
@ -74,76 +61,84 @@ func main() {
 		uid += fid * 10000
 	}

-	// allowed aid range 0 to 9999
-	if as, ok := os.LookupEnv(envAID); !ok {
-		log.Fatal("FORTIFY_APP_ID not set")
-	} else if aid, err := parseUint32Fast(as); err != nil || aid < 0 || aid > 9999 {
-		log.Fatal("invalid aid")
-	} else {
-		uid += aid
-	}
-
 	// pass through setup path to shim
 	var shimSetupPath string
 	if s, ok := os.LookupEnv(envShim); !ok {
-		// fortify requests target uid
-		// print resolved uid and exit
-		fmt.Print(uid)
-		os.Exit(0)
+		log.Fatal("FORTIFY_SHIM not set")
 	} else if !path.IsAbs(s) {
 		log.Fatal("FORTIFY_SHIM is not absolute")
 	} else {
 		shimSetupPath = s
 	}

-	// supplementary groups
-	var suppGroups, suppCurrent []int
-
-	if gs, ok := os.LookupEnv(envGroups); ok {
-		if cur, err := os.Getgroups(); err != nil {
-			log.Fatalf("cannot get groups: %v", err)
-		} else {
-			suppCurrent = cur
-		}
-
-		// parse space-separated list of group ids
-		gss := bytes.Split([]byte(gs), []byte{' '})
-		suppGroups = make([]int, len(gss)+1)
-		for i, s := range gss {
-			if gid, err := strconv.Atoi(string(s)); err != nil {
-				log.Fatalf("cannot parse %q: %v", string(s), err)
-			} else if gid > 0 && gid != uid && gid != os.Getgid() && slices.Contains(suppCurrent, gid) {
-				suppGroups[i] = gid
-			} else {
-				log.Fatalf("invalid gid %d", gid)
-			}
-		}
-		suppGroups[len(suppGroups)-1] = uid
+	// allowed aid range 0 to 9999
+	if as, ok := os.LookupEnv(envAID); !ok {
+		log.Fatal("FORTIFY_APP_ID not set")
+	} else if aid, err := strconv.Atoi(as); err != nil || aid < 0 || aid > 9999 {
+		log.Fatal("invalid aid")
 	} else {
-		suppGroups = []int{uid}
+		uid += aid
 	}

-	// careful! users in the allowlist is effectively allowed to drop groups via fsu
-
 	if err := syscall.Setresgid(uid, uid, uid); err != nil {
 		log.Fatalf("cannot set gid: %v", err)
 	}
-	if err := syscall.Setgroups(suppGroups); err != nil {
-		log.Fatalf("cannot set supplementary groups: %v", err)
-	}
 	if err := syscall.Setresuid(uid, uid, uid); err != nil {
 		log.Fatalf("cannot set uid: %v", err)
 	}
-	if _, _, errno := syscall.AllThreadsSyscall(syscall.SYS_PRCTL, PR_SET_NO_NEW_PRIVS, 1, 0); errno != 0 {
-		log.Fatalf("cannot set no_new_privs flag: %s", errno.Error())
-	}
-	if err := syscall.Exec(fshim, []string{"fshim"}, []string{envShim + "=" + shimSetupPath}); err != nil {
+	if err := syscall.Exec(fmain, []string{"fortify", "shim"}, []string{envShim + "=" + shimSetupPath}); err != nil {
 		log.Fatalf("cannot start shim: %v", err)
 	}

 	panic("unreachable")
 }

+func parseConfig(p string, puid int) (fid int, ok bool) {
+	// refuse to run if fsurc is not protected correctly
+	if s, err := os.Stat(p); err != nil {
+		log.Fatal(err)
+	} else if s.Mode().Perm() != 0400 {
+		log.Fatal("bad fsurc perm")
+	} else if st := s.Sys().(*syscall.Stat_t); st.Uid != 0 || st.Gid != 0 {
+		log.Fatal("fsurc must be owned by uid 0")
+	}
+
+	if r, err := os.Open(p); err != nil {
+		log.Fatal(err)
+		return -1, false
+	} else {
+		s := bufio.NewScanner(r)
+		var line int
+		for s.Scan() {
+			line++
+
+			// <puid> <fid>
+			lf := strings.SplitN(s.Text(), " ", 2)
+			if len(lf) != 2 {
+				log.Fatalf("invalid entry on line %d", line)
+			}
+
+			var puid0 int
+			if puid0, err = strconv.Atoi(lf[0]); err != nil || puid0 < 1 {
+				log.Fatalf("invalid parent uid on line %d", line)
+			}
+
+			ok = puid0 == puid
+			if ok {
+				// allowed fid range 0 to 99
+				if fid, err = strconv.Atoi(lf[1]); err != nil || fid < 0 || fid > 99 {
+					log.Fatalf("invalid fortify uid on line %d", line)
+				}
+				return
+			}
+		}
+		if err = s.Err(); err != nil {
+			log.Fatalf("cannot read fsurc: %v", err)
+		}
+		return -1, false
+	}
+}
+
 func checkPath(p string) (string, bool) {
 	return p, p != compPoison && p != "" && path.IsAbs(p)
 }
--- a/cmd/fsu/parse.go
+++ b/cmd/fsu/parse.go
@ -1,77 +0,0 @@
-package main
-
-import (
-	"bufio"
-	"errors"
-	"fmt"
-	"log"
-	"os"
-	"strings"
-	"syscall"
-)
-
-func parseUint32Fast(s string) (int, error) {
-	sLen := len(s)
-	if sLen < 1 {
-		return -1, errors.New("zero length string")
-	}
-	if sLen > 10 {
-		return -1, errors.New("string too long")
-	}
-
-	n := 0
-	for i, ch := range []byte(s) {
-		ch -= '0'
-		if ch > 9 {
-			return -1, fmt.Errorf("invalid character '%s' at index %d", string([]byte{ch}), i)
-		}
-		n = n*10 + int(ch)
-	}
-	return n, nil
-}
-
-func parseConfig(p string, puid int) (fid int, ok bool) {
-	// refuse to run if fsurc is not protected correctly
-	if s, err := os.Stat(p); err != nil {
-		log.Fatal(err)
-	} else if s.Mode().Perm() != 0400 {
-		log.Fatal("bad fsurc perm")
-	} else if st := s.Sys().(*syscall.Stat_t); st.Uid != 0 || st.Gid != 0 {
-		log.Fatal("fsurc must be owned by uid 0")
-	}
-
-	if r, err := os.Open(p); err != nil {
-		log.Fatal(err)
-		return -1, false
-	} else {
-		s := bufio.NewScanner(r)
-		var line int
-		for s.Scan() {
-			line++
-
-			// <puid> <fid>
-			lf := strings.SplitN(s.Text(), " ", 2)
-			if len(lf) != 2 {
-				log.Fatalf("invalid entry on line %d", line)
-			}
-
-			var puid0 int
-			if puid0, err = parseUint32Fast(lf[0]); err != nil || puid0 < 1 {
-				log.Fatalf("invalid parent uid on line %d", line)
-			}
-
-			ok = puid0 == puid
-			if ok {
-				// allowed fid range 0 to 99
-				if fid, err = parseUint32Fast(lf[1]); err != nil || fid < 0 || fid > 99 {
-					log.Fatalf("invalid fortify uid on line %d", line)
-				}
-				return
-			}
-		}
-		if err = s.Err(); err != nil {
-			log.Fatalf("cannot read fsurc: %v", err)
-		}
-		return -1, false
-	}
-}
--- a/cmd/fuserdb/main.go
+++ b/cmd/fuserdb/main.go
@ -1,69 +0,0 @@
-package main
-
-import (
-	"bytes"
-	"errors"
-	"flag"
-	"fmt"
-	"os"
-	"path"
-	"strconv"
-
-	"git.ophivana.moe/security/fortify/internal/fmsg"
-)
-
-func main() {
-	fmsg.SetPrefix("fuserdb")
-
-	const varEmpty = "/var/empty"
-
-	out := flag.String("o", "userdb", "output directory")
-	homeDir := flag.String("d", varEmpty, "parent of home directories")
-	shell := flag.String("s", "/sbin/nologin", "absolute path to subordinate user shell")
-	flag.Parse()
-
-	type user struct {
-		name string
-		fid  int
-	}
-
-	users := make([]user, len(flag.Args()))
-	for i, s := range flag.Args() {
-		f := bytes.SplitN([]byte(s), []byte{':'}, 2)
-		if len(f) != 2 {
-			fmsg.Fatalf("invalid entry at index %d", i)
-		}
-		users[i].name = string(f[0])
-		if fid, err := strconv.Atoi(string(f[1])); err != nil {
-			fmsg.Fatal(err.Error())
-		} else {
-			users[i].fid = fid
-		}
-	}
-
-	if err := os.MkdirAll(*out, 0755); err != nil && !errors.Is(err, os.ErrExist) {
-		fmsg.Fatalf("cannot create output: %v", err)
-	}
-
-	for _, u := range users {
-		fidString := strconv.Itoa(u.fid)
-		for aid := 0; aid < 10000; aid++ {
-			userName := fmt.Sprintf("u%d_a%d", u.fid, aid)
-			uid := 1000000 + u.fid*10000 + aid
-			us := strconv.Itoa(uid)
-			realName := fmt.Sprintf("Fortify subordinate user %d (%s)", aid, u.name)
-			var homeDirectory string
-			if *homeDir != varEmpty {
-				homeDirectory = path.Join(*homeDir, fidString, strconv.Itoa(aid))
-			} else {
-				homeDirectory = varEmpty
-			}
-
-			writeUser(userName, uid, us, realName, homeDirectory, *shell, *out)
-			writeGroup(userName, uid, us, nil, *out)
-		}
-	}
-
-	fmsg.Printf("created %d entries", len(users)*2*10000)
-	fmsg.Exit(0)
-}
--- a/cmd/fuserdb/payload.go
+++ b/cmd/fuserdb/payload.go
@ -1,64 +0,0 @@
-package main
-
-import (
-	"encoding/json"
-	"os"
-	"path"
-
-	"git.ophivana.moe/security/fortify/internal/fmsg"
-)
-
-type payloadU struct {
-	UserName      string   `json:"userName"`
-	Uid           int      `json:"uid"`
-	Gid           int      `json:"gid"`
-	MemberOf      []string `json:"memberOf,omitempty"`
-	RealName      string   `json:"realName"`
-	HomeDirectory string   `json:"homeDirectory"`
-	Shell         string   `json:"shell"`
-}
-
-func writeUser(userName string, uid int, us string, realName, homeDirectory, shell string, out string) {
-	userFileName := userName + ".user"
-	if f, err := os.OpenFile(path.Join(out, userFileName), os.O_WRONLY|os.O_CREATE|os.O_TRUNC, 0644); err != nil {
-		fmsg.Fatalf("cannot create %s: %v", userName, err)
-	} else if err = json.NewEncoder(f).Encode(&payloadU{
-		UserName:      userName,
-		Uid:           uid,
-		Gid:           uid,
-		RealName:      realName,
-		HomeDirectory: homeDirectory,
-		Shell:         shell,
-	}); err != nil {
-		fmsg.Fatalf("cannot serialise %s: %v", userName, err)
-	} else if err = f.Close(); err != nil {
-		fmsg.Printf("cannot close %s: %v", userName, err)
-	}
-	if err := os.Symlink(userFileName, path.Join(out, us+".user")); err != nil {
-		fmsg.Fatalf("cannot link %s: %v", userName, err)
-	}
-}
-
-type payloadG struct {
-	GroupName string   `json:"groupName"`
-	Gid       int      `json:"gid"`
-	Members   []string `json:"members,omitempty"`
-}
-
-func writeGroup(groupName string, gid int, gs string, members []string, out string) {
-	groupFileName := groupName + ".group"
-	if f, err := os.OpenFile(path.Join(out, groupFileName), os.O_WRONLY|os.O_CREATE|os.O_TRUNC, 0644); err != nil {
-		fmsg.Fatalf("cannot create %s: %v", groupName, err)
-	} else if err = json.NewEncoder(f).Encode(&payloadG{
-		GroupName: groupName,
-		Gid:       gid,
-		Members:   members,
-	}); err != nil {
-		fmsg.Fatalf("cannot serialise %s: %v", groupName, err)
-	} else if err = f.Close(); err != nil {
-		fmsg.Printf("cannot close %s: %v", groupName, err)
-	}
-	if err := os.Symlink(groupFileName, path.Join(out, gs+".group")); err != nil {
-		fmsg.Fatalf("cannot link %s: %v", groupName, err)
-	}
-}
--- a/config.go
+++ b/config.go
@ -0,0 +1,135 @@
+package main
+
+import (
+	"encoding/json"
+	"flag"
+	"fmt"
+
+	"git.ophivana.moe/security/fortify/dbus"
+	"git.ophivana.moe/security/fortify/internal/app"
+	"git.ophivana.moe/security/fortify/internal/fmsg"
+	"git.ophivana.moe/security/fortify/internal/system"
+)
+
+var (
+	printTemplate bool
+
+	confPath string
+
+	dbusConfigSession string
+	dbusConfigSystem  string
+	dbusID            string
+	mpris             bool
+	dbusVerbose       bool
+
+	userName    string
+	enablements [system.ELen]bool
+
+	launchMethodText string
+)
+
+func init() {
+	flag.BoolVar(&printTemplate, "template", false, "Print a full config template and exit")
+
+	// config file, disables every other flag here
+	flag.StringVar(&confPath, "c", "nil", "Path to full app configuration, or \"nil\" to configure from flags")
+
+	flag.StringVar(&dbusConfigSession, "dbus-config", "builtin", "Path to D-Bus proxy config file, or \"builtin\" for defaults")
+	flag.StringVar(&dbusConfigSystem, "dbus-system", "nil", "Path to system D-Bus proxy config file, or \"nil\" to disable")
+	flag.StringVar(&dbusID, "dbus-id", "", "D-Bus ID of application, leave empty to disable own paths, has no effect if custom config is available")
+	flag.BoolVar(&mpris, "mpris", false, "Allow owning MPRIS D-Bus path, has no effect if custom config is available")
+	flag.BoolVar(&dbusVerbose, "dbus-log", false, "Force logging in the D-Bus proxy")
+
+	flag.StringVar(&userName, "u", "chronos", "Passwd name of user to run as")
+	flag.BoolVar(&enablements[system.EWayland], "wayland", false, "Share Wayland socket")
+	flag.BoolVar(&enablements[system.EX11], "X", false, "Share X11 socket and allow connection")
+	flag.BoolVar(&enablements[system.EDBus], "dbus", false, "Proxy D-Bus connection")
+	flag.BoolVar(&enablements[system.EPulse], "pulse", false, "Share PulseAudio socket and cookie")
+}
+
+func init() {
+	methodHelpString := "Method of launching the child process, can be one of \"sudo\""
+	if os.SdBooted() {
+		methodHelpString += ", \"systemd\""
+	}
+
+	flag.StringVar(&launchMethodText, "method", "sudo", methodHelpString)
+}
+
+func tryTemplate() {
+	if printTemplate {
+		if s, err := json.MarshalIndent(app.Template(), "", "  "); err != nil {
+			fmsg.Fatalf("cannot generate template: %v", err)
+			panic("unreachable")
+		} else {
+			fmt.Println(string(s))
+		}
+		fmsg.Exit(0)
+	}
+}
+
+func loadConfig() *app.Config {
+	if confPath == "nil" {
+		// config from flags
+		return configFromFlags()
+	} else {
+		// config from file
+		c := new(app.Config)
+		if f, err := os.Open(confPath); err != nil {
+			fmsg.Fatalf("cannot access config file %q: %s", confPath, err)
+			panic("unreachable")
+		} else if err = json.NewDecoder(f).Decode(&c); err != nil {
+			fmsg.Fatalf("cannot parse config file %q: %s", confPath, err)
+			panic("unreachable")
+		} else {
+			return c
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func configFromFlags() (config *app.Config) {
+	// initialise config from flags
+	config = &app.Config{
+		ID:      dbusID,
+		User:    userName,
+		Command: flag.Args(),
+		Method:  launchMethodText,
+	}
+
+	// enablements from flags
+	for i := system.Enablement(0); i < system.Enablement(system.ELen); i++ {
+		if enablements[i] {
+			config.Confinement.Enablements.Set(i)
+		}
+	}
+
+	// parse D-Bus config file from flags if applicable
+	if enablements[system.EDBus] {
+		if dbusConfigSession == "builtin" {
+			config.Confinement.SessionBus = dbus.NewConfig(dbusID, true, mpris)
+		} else {
+			if c, err := dbus.NewConfigFromFile(dbusConfigSession); err != nil {
+				fmsg.Fatalf("cannot load session bus proxy config from %q: %s", dbusConfigSession, err)
+			} else {
+				config.Confinement.SessionBus = c
+			}
+		}
+
+		// system bus proxy is optional
+		if dbusConfigSystem != "nil" {
+			if c, err := dbus.NewConfigFromFile(dbusConfigSystem); err != nil {
+				fmsg.Fatalf("cannot load system bus proxy config from %q: %s", dbusConfigSystem, err)
+			} else {
+				config.Confinement.SystemBus = c
+			}
+		}
+
+		// override log from configuration
+		if dbusVerbose {
+			config.Confinement.SessionBus.Log = true
+			config.Confinement.SystemBus.Log = true
+		}
+	}
+
+	return
+}
--- a/flake.nix
+++ b/flake.nix
@ -42,33 +42,6 @@
            with nixpkgsFor.${system};
            self.packages.${system}.fortify.buildInputs ++ [ self.packages.${system}.fortify ];
        };
-
-        generateDoc =
-          let
-            pkgs = nixpkgsFor.${system};
-            inherit (pkgs) lib;
-
-            doc =
-              let
-                eval = lib.evalModules {
-                  specialArgs = {
-                    inherit pkgs;
-                  };
-                  modules = [ ./options.nix ];
-                };
-                cleanEval = lib.filterAttrsRecursive (n: v: n != "_module") eval;
-              in
-              pkgs.nixosOptionsDoc { inherit (cleanEval) options; };
-            docText = pkgs.runCommand "fortify-module-docs.md" { } ''
-              cat ${doc.optionsCommonMark} > $out
-              sed -i '/*Declared by:*/,+1 d' $out
-            '';
-          in
-          nixpkgsFor.${system}.mkShell {
-            shellHook = ''
-              exec cat ${docText} > options.md
-            '';
-          };
      });
    };
 }
--- a/internal/app/app.go
+++ b/internal/app/app.go
@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ func (a *app) String() string {
 	}

 	if a.seal != nil {
-		return "(sealed fortified app as uid " + a.seal.sys.user.us + ")"
+		return "(sealed fortified app as uid " + a.seal.sys.user.Uid + ")"
 	}

 	return "(unsealed fortified app)"
--- a/internal/app/app_nixos_test.go
+++ b/internal/app/app_nixos_test.go
@ -2,7 +2,6 @@ package app_test

 import (
 	"fmt"
-	"io"
 	"io/fs"
 	"os/user"
 	"strconv"
@ -19,12 +18,9 @@ var testCasesNixos = []sealTestCase{
 	{
 		"nixos permissive defaults no enablements", new(stubNixOS),
 		&app.Config{
+			User:    "chronos",
 			Command: make([]string, 0),
-			Confinement: app.ConfinementConfig{
-				AppID:    0,
-				Username: "chronos",
-				Outer:    "/home/chronos",
-			},
+			Method:  "sudo",
 		},
 		app.ID{
 			0x4a, 0x45, 0x0b, 0x65,
@ -32,11 +28,11 @@ var testCasesNixos = []sealTestCase{
 			0xbd, 0x01, 0x78, 0x0e,
 			0xb9, 0xa6, 0x07, 0xac,
 		},
-		system.New(1000000).
-			Ensure("/tmp/fortify.1971", 0711).
-			Ephemeral(system.Process, "/tmp/fortify.1971/4a450b6596d7bc15bd01780eb9a607ac", 0711).
+		system.New(150).
+			Ensure("/tmp/fortify.1971", 0701).
+			Ephemeral(system.Process, "/tmp/fortify.1971/4a450b6596d7bc15bd01780eb9a607ac", 0701).
 			Ensure("/tmp/fortify.1971/tmpdir", 0700).UpdatePermType(system.User, "/tmp/fortify.1971/tmpdir", acl.Execute).
-			Ensure("/tmp/fortify.1971/tmpdir/0", 01700).UpdatePermType(system.User, "/tmp/fortify.1971/tmpdir/0", acl.Read, acl.Write, acl.Execute).
+			Ensure("/tmp/fortify.1971/tmpdir/150", 01700).UpdatePermType(system.User, "/tmp/fortify.1971/tmpdir/150", acl.Read, acl.Write, acl.Execute).
 			Ensure("/run/user/1971/fortify", 0700).UpdatePermType(system.User, "/run/user/1971/fortify", acl.Execute).
 			Ensure("/run/user/1971", 0700).UpdatePermType(system.User, "/run/user/1971", acl.Execute). // this is ordered as is because the previous Ensure only calls mkdir if XDG_RUNTIME_DIR is unset
 			Ephemeral(system.Process, "/run/user/1971/fortify/4a450b6596d7bc15bd01780eb9a607ac", 0700).UpdatePermType(system.Process, "/run/user/1971/fortify/4a450b6596d7bc15bd01780eb9a607ac", acl.Execute).
@ -46,7 +42,6 @@ var testCasesNixos = []sealTestCase{
 			Net:      true,
 			UserNS:   true,
 			Clearenv: true,
-			Chdir:    "/home/chronos",
 			SetEnv: map[string]string{
 				"HOME":              "/home/chronos",
 				"SHELL":             "/run/current-system/sw/bin/zsh",
@ -59,11 +54,11 @@ var testCasesNixos = []sealTestCase{
 			DieWithParent: true,
 			AsInit:        true,
 		}).SetUID(65534).SetGID(65534).
-			Procfs("/proc").
-			Tmpfs("/fortify", 4096).
-			DevTmpfs("/dev").Mqueue("/dev/mqueue").
+			Procfs("/proc").DevTmpfs("/dev").Mqueue("/dev/mqueue").
+			Tmpfs("/dev/fortify", 4096).
 			Bind("/bin", "/bin", false, true).
 			Bind("/boot", "/boot", false, true).
+			Bind("/etc", "/dev/fortify/etc").
 			Bind("/home", "/home", false, true).
 			Bind("/lib", "/lib", false, true).
 			Bind("/lib64", "/lib64", false, true).
@ -107,90 +102,88 @@ var testCasesNixos = []sealTestCase{
 			Bind("/run/wrappers", "/run/wrappers", false, true).
 			Bind("/run/zed.pid", "/run/zed.pid", false, true).
 			Bind("/run/zed.state", "/run/zed.state", false, true).
-			Bind("/etc", "/fortify/etc").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/alsa", "/etc/alsa").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/bashrc", "/etc/bashrc").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/binfmt.d", "/etc/binfmt.d").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/dbus-1", "/etc/dbus-1").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/default", "/etc/default").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/ethertypes", "/etc/ethertypes").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/fonts", "/etc/fonts").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/fstab", "/etc/fstab").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/fuse.conf", "/etc/fuse.conf").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/host.conf", "/etc/host.conf").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/hostid", "/etc/hostid").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/hostname", "/etc/hostname").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/hostname.CHECKSUM", "/etc/hostname.CHECKSUM").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/hosts", "/etc/hosts").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/inputrc", "/etc/inputrc").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/ipsec.d", "/etc/ipsec.d").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/issue", "/etc/issue").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/kbd", "/etc/kbd").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/libblockdev", "/etc/libblockdev").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/locale.conf", "/etc/locale.conf").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/localtime", "/etc/localtime").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/login.defs", "/etc/login.defs").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/lsb-release", "/etc/lsb-release").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/lvm", "/etc/lvm").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/machine-id", "/etc/machine-id").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/man_db.conf", "/etc/man_db.conf").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/modprobe.d", "/etc/modprobe.d").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/modules-load.d", "/etc/modules-load.d").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/alsa", "/etc/alsa").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/bashrc", "/etc/bashrc").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/binfmt.d", "/etc/binfmt.d").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/dbus-1", "/etc/dbus-1").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/default", "/etc/default").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/ethertypes", "/etc/ethertypes").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/fonts", "/etc/fonts").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/fstab", "/etc/fstab").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/fuse.conf", "/etc/fuse.conf").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/host.conf", "/etc/host.conf").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/hostid", "/etc/hostid").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/hostname", "/etc/hostname").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/hostname.CHECKSUM", "/etc/hostname.CHECKSUM").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/hosts", "/etc/hosts").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/inputrc", "/etc/inputrc").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/ipsec.d", "/etc/ipsec.d").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/issue", "/etc/issue").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/kbd", "/etc/kbd").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/libblockdev", "/etc/libblockdev").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/locale.conf", "/etc/locale.conf").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/localtime", "/etc/localtime").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/login.defs", "/etc/login.defs").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/lsb-release", "/etc/lsb-release").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/lvm", "/etc/lvm").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/machine-id", "/etc/machine-id").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/man_db.conf", "/etc/man_db.conf").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/modprobe.d", "/etc/modprobe.d").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/modules-load.d", "/etc/modules-load.d").
 			Symlink("/proc/mounts", "/etc/mtab").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/nanorc", "/etc/nanorc").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/netgroup", "/etc/netgroup").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/NetworkManager", "/etc/NetworkManager").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/nix", "/etc/nix").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/nixos", "/etc/nixos").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/NIXOS", "/etc/NIXOS").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/nscd.conf", "/etc/nscd.conf").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/nsswitch.conf", "/etc/nsswitch.conf").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/opensnitchd", "/etc/opensnitchd").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/os-release", "/etc/os-release").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/pam", "/etc/pam").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/pam.d", "/etc/pam.d").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/pipewire", "/etc/pipewire").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/pki", "/etc/pki").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/polkit-1", "/etc/polkit-1").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/profile", "/etc/profile").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/protocols", "/etc/protocols").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/qemu", "/etc/qemu").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/resolv.conf", "/etc/resolv.conf").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/resolvconf.conf", "/etc/resolvconf.conf").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/rpc", "/etc/rpc").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/samba", "/etc/samba").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/sddm.conf", "/etc/sddm.conf").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/secureboot", "/etc/secureboot").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/services", "/etc/services").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/set-environment", "/etc/set-environment").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/shadow", "/etc/shadow").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/shells", "/etc/shells").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/ssh", "/etc/ssh").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/ssl", "/etc/ssl").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/static", "/etc/static").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/subgid", "/etc/subgid").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/subuid", "/etc/subuid").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/sudoers", "/etc/sudoers").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/sysctl.d", "/etc/sysctl.d").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/systemd", "/etc/systemd").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/terminfo", "/etc/terminfo").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/tmpfiles.d", "/etc/tmpfiles.d").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/udev", "/etc/udev").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/udisks2", "/etc/udisks2").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/UPower", "/etc/UPower").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/vconsole.conf", "/etc/vconsole.conf").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/X11", "/etc/X11").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/zfs", "/etc/zfs").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/zinputrc", "/etc/zinputrc").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/zoneinfo", "/etc/zoneinfo").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/zprofile", "/etc/zprofile").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/zshenv", "/etc/zshenv").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/zshrc", "/etc/zshrc").
-			Bind("/tmp/fortify.1971/tmpdir/0", "/tmp", false, true).
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/nanorc", "/etc/nanorc").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/netgroup", "/etc/netgroup").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/NetworkManager", "/etc/NetworkManager").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/nix", "/etc/nix").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/nixos", "/etc/nixos").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/NIXOS", "/etc/NIXOS").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/nscd.conf", "/etc/nscd.conf").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/nsswitch.conf", "/etc/nsswitch.conf").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/opensnitchd", "/etc/opensnitchd").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/os-release", "/etc/os-release").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/pam", "/etc/pam").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/pam.d", "/etc/pam.d").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/pipewire", "/etc/pipewire").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/pki", "/etc/pki").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/polkit-1", "/etc/polkit-1").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/profile", "/etc/profile").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/protocols", "/etc/protocols").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/qemu", "/etc/qemu").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/resolv.conf", "/etc/resolv.conf").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/resolvconf.conf", "/etc/resolvconf.conf").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/rpc", "/etc/rpc").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/samba", "/etc/samba").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/sddm.conf", "/etc/sddm.conf").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/secureboot", "/etc/secureboot").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/services", "/etc/services").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/set-environment", "/etc/set-environment").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/shadow", "/etc/shadow").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/shells", "/etc/shells").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/ssh", "/etc/ssh").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/ssl", "/etc/ssl").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/static", "/etc/static").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/subgid", "/etc/subgid").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/subuid", "/etc/subuid").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/sudoers", "/etc/sudoers").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/sysctl.d", "/etc/sysctl.d").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/systemd", "/etc/systemd").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/terminfo", "/etc/terminfo").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/tmpfiles.d", "/etc/tmpfiles.d").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/udev", "/etc/udev").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/udisks2", "/etc/udisks2").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/UPower", "/etc/UPower").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/vconsole.conf", "/etc/vconsole.conf").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/X11", "/etc/X11").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/zfs", "/etc/zfs").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/zinputrc", "/etc/zinputrc").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/zoneinfo", "/etc/zoneinfo").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/zprofile", "/etc/zprofile").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/zshenv", "/etc/zshenv").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/zshrc", "/etc/zshrc").
+			Bind("/tmp/fortify.1971/tmpdir/150", "/tmp", false, true).
 			Tmpfs("/tmp/fortify.1971", 1048576).
 			Tmpfs("/run/user", 1048576).
 			Tmpfs("/run/user/65534", 8388608).
-			Bind("/home/chronos", "/home/chronos", false, true).
 			Bind("/tmp/fortify.1971/4a450b6596d7bc15bd01780eb9a607ac/passwd", "/etc/passwd").
 			Bind("/tmp/fortify.1971/4a450b6596d7bc15bd01780eb9a607ac/group", "/etc/group").
 			Tmpfs("/var/run/nscd", 8192),
@ -199,12 +192,9 @@ var testCasesNixos = []sealTestCase{
 		"nixos permissive defaults chromium", new(stubNixOS),
 		&app.Config{
 			ID:      "org.chromium.Chromium",
+			User:    "chronos",
 			Command: []string{"/run/current-system/sw/bin/zsh", "-c", "exec chromium "},
 			Confinement: app.ConfinementConfig{
-				AppID:    9,
-				Groups:   []string{"video"},
-				Username: "chronos",
-				Outer:    "/home/chronos",
 				SessionBus: &dbus.Config{
 					Talk: []string{
 						"org.freedesktop.Notifications",
@ -238,6 +228,7 @@ var testCasesNixos = []sealTestCase{
 				},
 				Enablements: system.EWayland.Mask() | system.EDBus.Mask() | system.EPulse.Mask(),
 			},
+			Method: "systemd",
 		},
 		app.ID{
 			0xeb, 0xf0, 0x83, 0xd1,
@ -245,11 +236,11 @@ var testCasesNixos = []sealTestCase{
 			0x82, 0xd4, 0x13, 0x36,
 			0x9b, 0x64, 0xce, 0x7c,
 		},
-		system.New(1000009).
-			Ensure("/tmp/fortify.1971", 0711).
-			Ephemeral(system.Process, "/tmp/fortify.1971/ebf083d1b175911782d413369b64ce7c", 0711).
+		system.New(150).
+			Ensure("/tmp/fortify.1971", 0701).
+			Ephemeral(system.Process, "/tmp/fortify.1971/ebf083d1b175911782d413369b64ce7c", 0701).
 			Ensure("/tmp/fortify.1971/tmpdir", 0700).UpdatePermType(system.User, "/tmp/fortify.1971/tmpdir", acl.Execute).
-			Ensure("/tmp/fortify.1971/tmpdir/9", 01700).UpdatePermType(system.User, "/tmp/fortify.1971/tmpdir/9", acl.Read, acl.Write, acl.Execute).
+			Ensure("/tmp/fortify.1971/tmpdir/150", 01700).UpdatePermType(system.User, "/tmp/fortify.1971/tmpdir/150", acl.Read, acl.Write, acl.Execute).
 			Ensure("/run/user/1971/fortify", 0700).UpdatePermType(system.User, "/run/user/1971/fortify", acl.Execute).
 			Ensure("/run/user/1971", 0700).UpdatePermType(system.User, "/run/user/1971", acl.Execute). // this is ordered as is because the previous Ensure only calls mkdir if XDG_RUNTIME_DIR is unset
 			Ephemeral(system.Process, "/run/user/1971/fortify/ebf083d1b175911782d413369b64ce7c", 0700).UpdatePermType(system.Process, "/run/user/1971/fortify/ebf083d1b175911782d413369b64ce7c", acl.Execute).
@ -294,7 +285,6 @@ var testCasesNixos = []sealTestCase{
 		(&bwrap.Config{
 			Net:      true,
 			UserNS:   true,
-			Chdir:    "/home/chronos",
 			Clearenv: true,
 			SetEnv: map[string]string{
 				"DBUS_SESSION_BUS_ADDRESS": "unix:path=/run/user/65534/bus",
@ -314,11 +304,11 @@ var testCasesNixos = []sealTestCase{
 			DieWithParent: true,
 			AsInit:        true,
 		}).SetUID(65534).SetGID(65534).
-			Procfs("/proc").
-			Tmpfs("/fortify", 4096).
-			DevTmpfs("/dev").Mqueue("/dev/mqueue").
+			Procfs("/proc").DevTmpfs("/dev").Mqueue("/dev/mqueue").
+			Tmpfs("/dev/fortify", 4096).
 			Bind("/bin", "/bin", false, true).
 			Bind("/boot", "/boot", false, true).
+			Bind("/etc", "/dev/fortify/etc").
 			Bind("/home", "/home", false, true).
 			Bind("/lib", "/lib", false, true).
 			Bind("/lib64", "/lib64", false, true).
@ -363,90 +353,88 @@ var testCasesNixos = []sealTestCase{
 			Bind("/run/zed.pid", "/run/zed.pid", false, true).
 			Bind("/run/zed.state", "/run/zed.state", false, true).
 			Bind("/dev/dri", "/dev/dri", true, true, true).
-			Bind("/etc", "/fortify/etc").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/alsa", "/etc/alsa").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/bashrc", "/etc/bashrc").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/binfmt.d", "/etc/binfmt.d").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/dbus-1", "/etc/dbus-1").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/default", "/etc/default").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/ethertypes", "/etc/ethertypes").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/fonts", "/etc/fonts").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/fstab", "/etc/fstab").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/fuse.conf", "/etc/fuse.conf").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/host.conf", "/etc/host.conf").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/hostid", "/etc/hostid").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/hostname", "/etc/hostname").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/hostname.CHECKSUM", "/etc/hostname.CHECKSUM").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/hosts", "/etc/hosts").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/inputrc", "/etc/inputrc").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/ipsec.d", "/etc/ipsec.d").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/issue", "/etc/issue").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/kbd", "/etc/kbd").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/libblockdev", "/etc/libblockdev").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/locale.conf", "/etc/locale.conf").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/localtime", "/etc/localtime").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/login.defs", "/etc/login.defs").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/lsb-release", "/etc/lsb-release").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/lvm", "/etc/lvm").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/machine-id", "/etc/machine-id").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/man_db.conf", "/etc/man_db.conf").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/modprobe.d", "/etc/modprobe.d").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/modules-load.d", "/etc/modules-load.d").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/alsa", "/etc/alsa").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/bashrc", "/etc/bashrc").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/binfmt.d", "/etc/binfmt.d").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/dbus-1", "/etc/dbus-1").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/default", "/etc/default").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/ethertypes", "/etc/ethertypes").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/fonts", "/etc/fonts").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/fstab", "/etc/fstab").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/fuse.conf", "/etc/fuse.conf").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/host.conf", "/etc/host.conf").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/hostid", "/etc/hostid").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/hostname", "/etc/hostname").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/hostname.CHECKSUM", "/etc/hostname.CHECKSUM").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/hosts", "/etc/hosts").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/inputrc", "/etc/inputrc").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/ipsec.d", "/etc/ipsec.d").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/issue", "/etc/issue").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/kbd", "/etc/kbd").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/libblockdev", "/etc/libblockdev").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/locale.conf", "/etc/locale.conf").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/localtime", "/etc/localtime").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/login.defs", "/etc/login.defs").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/lsb-release", "/etc/lsb-release").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/lvm", "/etc/lvm").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/machine-id", "/etc/machine-id").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/man_db.conf", "/etc/man_db.conf").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/modprobe.d", "/etc/modprobe.d").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/modules-load.d", "/etc/modules-load.d").
 			Symlink("/proc/mounts", "/etc/mtab").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/nanorc", "/etc/nanorc").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/netgroup", "/etc/netgroup").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/NetworkManager", "/etc/NetworkManager").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/nix", "/etc/nix").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/nixos", "/etc/nixos").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/NIXOS", "/etc/NIXOS").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/nscd.conf", "/etc/nscd.conf").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/nsswitch.conf", "/etc/nsswitch.conf").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/opensnitchd", "/etc/opensnitchd").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/os-release", "/etc/os-release").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/pam", "/etc/pam").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/pam.d", "/etc/pam.d").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/pipewire", "/etc/pipewire").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/pki", "/etc/pki").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/polkit-1", "/etc/polkit-1").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/profile", "/etc/profile").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/protocols", "/etc/protocols").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/qemu", "/etc/qemu").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/resolv.conf", "/etc/resolv.conf").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/resolvconf.conf", "/etc/resolvconf.conf").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/rpc", "/etc/rpc").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/samba", "/etc/samba").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/sddm.conf", "/etc/sddm.conf").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/secureboot", "/etc/secureboot").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/services", "/etc/services").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/set-environment", "/etc/set-environment").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/shadow", "/etc/shadow").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/shells", "/etc/shells").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/ssh", "/etc/ssh").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/ssl", "/etc/ssl").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/static", "/etc/static").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/subgid", "/etc/subgid").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/subuid", "/etc/subuid").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/sudoers", "/etc/sudoers").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/sysctl.d", "/etc/sysctl.d").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/systemd", "/etc/systemd").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/terminfo", "/etc/terminfo").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/tmpfiles.d", "/etc/tmpfiles.d").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/udev", "/etc/udev").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/udisks2", "/etc/udisks2").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/UPower", "/etc/UPower").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/vconsole.conf", "/etc/vconsole.conf").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/X11", "/etc/X11").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/zfs", "/etc/zfs").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/zinputrc", "/etc/zinputrc").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/zoneinfo", "/etc/zoneinfo").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/zprofile", "/etc/zprofile").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/zshenv", "/etc/zshenv").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/zshrc", "/etc/zshrc").
-			Bind("/tmp/fortify.1971/tmpdir/9", "/tmp", false, true).
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/nanorc", "/etc/nanorc").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/netgroup", "/etc/netgroup").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/NetworkManager", "/etc/NetworkManager").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/nix", "/etc/nix").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/nixos", "/etc/nixos").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/NIXOS", "/etc/NIXOS").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/nscd.conf", "/etc/nscd.conf").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/nsswitch.conf", "/etc/nsswitch.conf").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/opensnitchd", "/etc/opensnitchd").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/os-release", "/etc/os-release").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/pam", "/etc/pam").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/pam.d", "/etc/pam.d").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/pipewire", "/etc/pipewire").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/pki", "/etc/pki").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/polkit-1", "/etc/polkit-1").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/profile", "/etc/profile").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/protocols", "/etc/protocols").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/qemu", "/etc/qemu").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/resolv.conf", "/etc/resolv.conf").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/resolvconf.conf", "/etc/resolvconf.conf").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/rpc", "/etc/rpc").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/samba", "/etc/samba").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/sddm.conf", "/etc/sddm.conf").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/secureboot", "/etc/secureboot").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/services", "/etc/services").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/set-environment", "/etc/set-environment").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/shadow", "/etc/shadow").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/shells", "/etc/shells").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/ssh", "/etc/ssh").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/ssl", "/etc/ssl").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/static", "/etc/static").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/subgid", "/etc/subgid").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/subuid", "/etc/subuid").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/sudoers", "/etc/sudoers").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/sysctl.d", "/etc/sysctl.d").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/systemd", "/etc/systemd").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/terminfo", "/etc/terminfo").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/tmpfiles.d", "/etc/tmpfiles.d").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/udev", "/etc/udev").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/udisks2", "/etc/udisks2").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/UPower", "/etc/UPower").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/vconsole.conf", "/etc/vconsole.conf").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/X11", "/etc/X11").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/zfs", "/etc/zfs").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/zinputrc", "/etc/zinputrc").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/zoneinfo", "/etc/zoneinfo").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/zprofile", "/etc/zprofile").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/zshenv", "/etc/zshenv").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/zshrc", "/etc/zshrc").
+			Bind("/tmp/fortify.1971/tmpdir/150", "/tmp", false, true).
 			Tmpfs("/tmp/fortify.1971", 1048576).
 			Tmpfs("/run/user", 1048576).
 			Tmpfs("/run/user/65534", 8388608).
-			Bind("/home/chronos", "/home/chronos", false, true).
 			Bind("/tmp/fortify.1971/ebf083d1b175911782d413369b64ce7c/passwd", "/etc/passwd").
 			Bind("/tmp/fortify.1971/ebf083d1b175911782d413369b64ce7c/group", "/etc/group").
 			Bind("/run/user/1971/fortify/ebf083d1b175911782d413369b64ce7c/wayland", "/run/user/65534/wayland-0").
@ -513,12 +501,23 @@ func (s *stubNixOS) Executable() (string, error) {
 	return "/home/ophestra/.nix-profile/bin/fortify", nil
 }

-func (s *stubNixOS) LookupGroup(name string) (*user.Group, error) {
-	switch name {
-	case "video":
-		return &user.Group{Gid: "26", Name: "video"}, nil
+func (s *stubNixOS) Lookup(username string) (*user.User, error) {
+	if s.usernameErr != nil {
+		if err, ok := s.usernameErr[username]; ok {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+	}
+
+	switch username {
+	case "chronos":
+		return &user.User{
+			Uid:      "150",
+			Gid:      "101",
+			Username: "chronos",
+			HomeDir:  "/home/chronos",
+		}, nil
 	default:
-		return nil, user.UnknownGroupError(name)
+		return nil, user.UnknownUserError(username)
 	}
 }

@ -580,8 +579,8 @@ func (s *stubNixOS) Exit(code int) {
 	panic("called exit on stub with code " + strconv.Itoa(code))
 }

-func (s *stubNixOS) Stdout() io.Writer {
-	panic("requested stdout")
+func (s *stubNixOS) FshimPath() string {
+	return "/nix/store/00000000000000000000000000000000-fortify-0.0.10/bin/.fshim"
 }

 func (s *stubNixOS) Paths() linux.Paths {
@ -592,10 +591,6 @@ func (s *stubNixOS) Paths() linux.Paths {
 	}
 }

-func (s *stubNixOS) Uid(aid int) (int, error) {
-	return 1000000 + 0*10000 + aid, nil
-}
-
 func (s *stubNixOS) SdBooted() bool {
 	return true
 }
--- a/internal/app/config.go
+++ b/internal/app/config.go
@ -1,22 +1,23 @@
 package app

 import (
-	"errors"
+	"os"

 	"git.ophivana.moe/security/fortify/dbus"
 	"git.ophivana.moe/security/fortify/helper/bwrap"
-	"git.ophivana.moe/security/fortify/internal/linux"
 	"git.ophivana.moe/security/fortify/internal/system"
 )

-const fTmp = "/fortify"
-
 // Config is used to seal an *App
 type Config struct {
 	// D-Bus application ID
 	ID string `json:"id"`
+	// username of the target user to switch to
+	User string `json:"user"`
 	// value passed through to the child process as its argv
 	Command []string `json:"command"`
+	// string representation of the child's launch method
+	Method string `json:"method"`

 	// child confinement configuration
 	Confinement ConfinementConfig `json:"confinement"`
@ -24,16 +25,6 @@ type Config struct {

 // ConfinementConfig defines fortified child's confinement
 type ConfinementConfig struct {
-	// numerical application id, determines uid in the init namespace
-	AppID int `json:"app_id"`
-	// list of supplementary groups to inherit
-	Groups []string `json:"groups"`
-	// passwd username in the sandbox, defaults to chronos
-	Username string `json:"username,omitempty"`
-	// home directory in sandbox, empty for outer
-	Inner string `json:"home_inner"`
-	// home directory in init namespace
-	Outer string `json:"home"`
 	// bwrap sandbox confinement configuration
 	Sandbox *SandboxConfig `json:"sandbox"`

@ -56,12 +47,10 @@ type SandboxConfig struct {
 	UserNS bool `json:"userns,omitempty"`
 	// share net namespace
 	Net bool `json:"net,omitempty"`
-	// share all devices
-	Dev bool `json:"dev,omitempty"`
 	// do not run in new session
 	NoNewSession bool `json:"no_new_session,omitempty"`
 	// map target user uid to privileged user uid in the user namespace
-	MapRealUID bool `json:"map_real_uid"`
+	UseRealUID bool `json:"use_real_uid"`
 	// mediated access to wayland socket
 	Wayland bool `json:"wayland,omitempty"`

@ -71,8 +60,6 @@ type SandboxConfig struct {
 	Filesystem []*FilesystemConfig `json:"filesystem"`
 	// symlinks created inside the sandbox
 	Link [][2]string `json:"symlink"`
-	// automatically set up /etc symlinks
-	AutoEtc bool `json:"auto_etc"`
 	// paths to override by mounting tmpfs over them
 	Override []string `json:"override"`
 }
@ -92,16 +79,13 @@ type FilesystemConfig struct {

 // Bwrap returns the address of the corresponding bwrap.Config to s.
 // Note that remaining tmpfs entries must be queued by the caller prior to launch.
-func (s *SandboxConfig) Bwrap(os linux.System) (*bwrap.Config, error) {
+func (s *SandboxConfig) Bwrap(uid int) *bwrap.Config {
 	if s == nil {
-		return nil, errors.New("nil sandbox config")
+		return nil
 	}

-	var uid int
-	if !s.MapRealUID {
+	if !s.UseRealUID {
 		uid = 65534
-	} else {
-		uid = os.Geteuid()
 	}

 	conf := (&bwrap.Config{
@ -115,21 +99,11 @@ func (s *SandboxConfig) Bwrap(os linux.System) (*bwrap.Config, error) {
 		AsInit:        true,

 		// initialise map
-		Chmod: make(bwrap.ChmodConfig),
+		Chmod: make(map[string]os.FileMode),
 	}).
 		SetUID(uid).SetGID(uid).
-		Procfs("/proc").
-		Tmpfs(fTmp, 4*1024)
-
-	if !s.Dev {
-		conf.DevTmpfs("/dev").Mqueue("/dev/mqueue")
-	} else {
-		conf.Bind("/dev", "/dev", false, true, true)
-	}
-
-	if !s.AutoEtc {
-		conf.Dir("/etc")
-	}
+		Procfs("/proc").DevTmpfs("/dev").Mqueue("/dev/mqueue").
+		Tmpfs("/dev/fortify", 4*1024)

 	for _, c := range s.Filesystem {
 		if c == nil {
@ -147,35 +121,14 @@ func (s *SandboxConfig) Bwrap(os linux.System) (*bwrap.Config, error) {
 		conf.Symlink(l[0], l[1])
 	}

-	if s.AutoEtc {
-		conf.Bind("/etc", fTmp+"/etc")
-
-		// link host /etc contents to prevent passwd/group from being overwritten
-		if d, err := os.ReadDir("/etc"); err != nil {
-			return nil, err
-		} else {
-			for _, ent := range d {
-				name := ent.Name()
-				switch name {
-				case "passwd":
-				case "group":
-
-				case "mtab":
-					conf.Symlink("/proc/mounts", "/etc/"+name)
-				default:
-					conf.Symlink(fTmp+"/etc/"+name, "/etc/"+name)
-				}
-			}
-		}
-	}
-
-	return conf, nil
+	return conf
 }

 // Template returns a fully populated instance of Config.
 func Template() *Config {
 	return &Config{
-		ID: "org.chromium.Chromium",
+		ID:   "org.chromium.Chromium",
+		User: "chronos",
 		Command: []string{
 			"chromium",
 			"--ignore-gpu-blocklist",
@ -183,19 +136,13 @@ func Template() *Config {
 			"--enable-features=UseOzonePlatform",
 			"--ozone-platform=wayland",
 		},
+		Method: "sudo",
 		Confinement: ConfinementConfig{
-			AppID:    9,
-			Groups:   []string{"video"},
-			Username: "chronos",
-			Outer:    "/var/lib/persist/home/org.chromium.Chromium",
-			Inner:    "/var/lib/fortify",
 			Sandbox: &SandboxConfig{
 				Hostname:     "localhost",
 				UserNS:       true,
 				Net:          true,
 				NoNewSession: true,
-				MapRealUID:   true,
-				Dev:          true,
 				Wayland:      false,
 				// example API credentials pulled from Google Chrome
 				// DO NOT USE THESE IN A REAL BROWSER
@ -205,15 +152,12 @@ func Template() *Config {
 					"GOOGLE_DEFAULT_CLIENT_SECRET": "OTJgUOQcT7lO7GsGZq2G4IlT",
 				},
 				Filesystem: []*FilesystemConfig{
-					{Src: "/nix/store"},
-					{Src: "/run/current-system"},
-					{Src: "/run/opengl-driver"},
-					{Src: "/var/db/nix-channels"},
-					{Src: "/home/chronos", Write: true, Must: true},
-					{Src: "/dev/dri", Device: true},
+					{Src: "/nix"},
+					{Src: "/storage/emulated/0", Write: true, Must: true},
+					{Src: "/data/user/0", Dst: "/data/data", Write: true, Must: true},
+					{Src: "/var/tmp", Write: true},
 				},
-				Link:     [][2]string{{"/run/user/65534", "/run/user/150"}},
-				AutoEtc:  true,
+				Link:     [][2]string{{"/dev/fortify/etc", "/etc"}},
 				Override: []string{"/var/run/nscd"},
 			},
 			SystemBus: &dbus.Config{
--- a/internal/app/launch.machinectl.go
+++ b/internal/app/launch.machinectl.go
@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
+package app
+
+import (
+	"strings"
+
+	"git.ophivana.moe/security/fortify/internal/fmsg"
+)
+
+func (a *app) commandBuilderMachineCtl(shimEnv string) (args []string) {
+	args = make([]string, 0, 9+len(a.seal.sys.bwrap.SetEnv))
+
+	// shell --uid=$USER
+	args = append(args, "shell", "--uid="+a.seal.sys.user.Username)
+
+	// --quiet
+	if !fmsg.Verbose() {
+		args = append(args, "--quiet")
+	}
+
+	// environ
+	envQ := make([]string, 0, len(a.seal.sys.bwrap.SetEnv)+1)
+	for k, v := range a.seal.sys.bwrap.SetEnv {
+		envQ = append(envQ, "-E"+k+"="+v)
+	}
+	// add shim payload to environment for shim path
+	envQ = append(envQ, "-E"+shimEnv)
+	args = append(args, envQ...)
+
+	// -- .host
+	args = append(args, "--", ".host")
+
+	// /bin/sh -c
+	if sh, err := a.os.LookPath("sh"); err != nil {
+		// hardcode /bin/sh path since it exists more often than not
+		args = append(args, "/bin/sh", "-c")
+	} else {
+		args = append(args, sh, "-c")
+	}
+
+	// build inner command expression ran as target user
+	innerCommand := strings.Builder{}
+
+	// apply custom environment variables to activation environment
+	innerCommand.WriteString("dbus-update-activation-environment --systemd")
+	for k := range a.seal.sys.bwrap.SetEnv {
+		innerCommand.WriteString(" " + k)
+	}
+	innerCommand.WriteString("; ")
+
+	// launch fortify shim
+	innerCommand.WriteString("exec " + a.os.FshimPath())
+
+	// append inner command
+	args = append(args, innerCommand.String())
+
+	return
+}
--- a/internal/app/launch.sudo.go
+++ b/internal/app/launch.sudo.go
@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+package app
+
+import (
+	"git.ophivana.moe/security/fortify/internal/fmsg"
+)
+
+const (
+	sudoAskPass = "SUDO_ASKPASS"
+)
+
+func (a *app) commandBuilderSudo(shimEnv string) (args []string) {
+	args = make([]string, 0, 8)
+
+	// -Hiu $USER
+	args = append(args, "-Hiu", a.seal.sys.user.Username)
+
+	// -A?
+	if _, ok := a.os.LookupEnv(sudoAskPass); ok {
+		fmsg.VPrintln(sudoAskPass, "set, adding askpass flag")
+		args = append(args, "-A")
+	}
+
+	// shim payload
+	args = append(args, shimEnv)
+
+	// -- $@
+	args = append(args, "--", a.os.FshimPath())
+
+	return
+}
--- a/internal/app/seal.go
+++ b/internal/app/seal.go
@ -2,10 +2,9 @@ package app

 import (
 	"errors"
-	"fmt"
 	"io/fs"
+	"os/user"
 	"path"
-	"regexp"
 	"strconv"

 	shim "git.ophivana.moe/security/fortify/cmd/fshim/ipc"
@ -16,14 +15,25 @@ import (
 	"git.ophivana.moe/security/fortify/internal/system"
 )

-var (
-	ErrConfig = errors.New("no configuration to seal")
-	ErrUser   = errors.New("invalid aid")
-	ErrHome   = errors.New("invalid home directory")
-	ErrName   = errors.New("invalid username")
+const (
+	LaunchMethodSudo uint8 = iota
+	LaunchMethodMachineCtl
 )

-var posixUsername = regexp.MustCompilePOSIX("^[a-z_]([A-Za-z0-9_-]{0,31}|[A-Za-z0-9_-]{0,30}\\$)$")
+var method = [...]string{
+	LaunchMethodSudo:       "sudo",
+	LaunchMethodMachineCtl: "systemd",
+}
+
+var (
+	ErrConfig = errors.New("no configuration to seal")
+	ErrUser   = errors.New("unknown user")
+	ErrLaunch = errors.New("invalid launch method")
+
+	ErrSudo       = errors.New("sudo not available")
+	ErrSystemd    = errors.New("systemd not available")
+	ErrMachineCtl = errors.New("machinectl not available")
+)

 // appSeal seals the application with child-related information
 type appSeal struct {
@ -41,11 +51,15 @@ type appSeal struct {
 	// persistent process state store
 	store state.Store

+	// uint8 representation of launch method sealed from config
+	launchOption uint8
 	// process-specific share directory path
 	share string
 	// process-specific share directory path local to XDG_RUNTIME_DIR
 	shareLocal string

+	// path to launcher program
+	toolPath string
 	// pass-through enablement tracking from config
 	et system.Enablements

@ -84,11 +98,39 @@ func (a *app) Seal(config *Config) error {
 	seal.fid = config.ID
 	seal.command = config.Command

+	// parses launch method text and looks up tool path
+	switch config.Method {
+	case method[LaunchMethodSudo]:
+		seal.launchOption = LaunchMethodSudo
+		if sudoPath, err := a.os.LookPath("sudo"); err != nil {
+			return fmsg.WrapError(ErrSudo,
+				"sudo not found")
+		} else {
+			seal.toolPath = sudoPath
+		}
+	case method[LaunchMethodMachineCtl]:
+		seal.launchOption = LaunchMethodMachineCtl
+		if !a.os.SdBooted() {
+			return fmsg.WrapError(ErrSystemd,
+				"system has not been booted with systemd as init system")
+		}
+
+		if machineCtlPath, err := a.os.LookPath("machinectl"); err != nil {
+			return fmsg.WrapError(ErrMachineCtl,
+				"machinectl not found")
+		} else {
+			seal.toolPath = machineCtlPath
+		}
+	default:
+		return fmsg.WrapError(ErrLaunch,
+			"invalid launch method")
+	}
+
 	// create seal system component
 	seal.sys = new(appSealSys)

 	// mapped uid
-	if config.Confinement.Sandbox != nil && config.Confinement.Sandbox.MapRealUID {
+	if config.Confinement.Sandbox != nil && config.Confinement.Sandbox.UseRealUID {
 		seal.sys.mappedID = a.os.Geteuid()
 	} else {
 		seal.sys.mappedID = 65534
@ -96,51 +138,16 @@ func (a *app) Seal(config *Config) error {
 	seal.sys.mappedIDString = strconv.Itoa(seal.sys.mappedID)
 	seal.sys.runtime = path.Join("/run/user", seal.sys.mappedIDString)

-	// validate uid and set user info
-	if config.Confinement.AppID < 0 || config.Confinement.AppID > 9999 {
-		return fmsg.WrapError(ErrUser,
-			fmt.Sprintf("aid %d out of range", config.Confinement.AppID))
-	} else {
-		seal.sys.user = appUser{
-			aid:      config.Confinement.AppID,
-			as:       strconv.Itoa(config.Confinement.AppID),
-			data:     config.Confinement.Outer,
-			home:     config.Confinement.Inner,
-			username: config.Confinement.Username,
-		}
-		if seal.sys.user.username == "" {
-			seal.sys.user.username = "chronos"
-		} else if !posixUsername.MatchString(seal.sys.user.username) {
-			return fmsg.WrapError(ErrName,
-				fmt.Sprintf("invalid user name %q", seal.sys.user.username))
-		}
-		if seal.sys.user.data == "" || !path.IsAbs(seal.sys.user.data) {
-			return fmsg.WrapError(ErrHome,
-				fmt.Sprintf("invalid home directory %q", seal.sys.user.data))
-		}
-		if seal.sys.user.home == "" {
-			seal.sys.user.home = seal.sys.user.data
-		}
-
-		// invoke fsu for full uid
-		if u, err := a.os.Uid(seal.sys.user.aid); err != nil {
-			return fmsg.WrapErrorSuffix(err,
-				"cannot obtain uid from fsu:")
+	// look up user from system
+	if u, err := a.os.Lookup(config.User); err != nil {
+		if errors.As(err, new(user.UnknownUserError)) {
+			return fmsg.WrapError(ErrUser, "unknown user", config.User)
 		} else {
-			seal.sys.user.uid = u
-			seal.sys.user.us = strconv.Itoa(u)
-		}
-
-		// resolve supplementary group ids from names
-		seal.sys.user.supp = make([]string, len(config.Confinement.Groups))
-		for i, name := range config.Confinement.Groups {
-			if g, err := a.os.LookupGroup(name); err != nil {
-				return fmsg.WrapError(err,
-					fmt.Sprintf("unknown group %q", name))
-			} else {
-				seal.sys.user.supp[i] = g.Gid
-			}
+			// unreachable
+			panic(err)
 		}
+	} else {
+		seal.sys.user = u
 	}

 	// map sandbox config to bwrap
@ -152,7 +159,6 @@ func (a *app) Seal(config *Config) error {
 			UserNS:       true,
 			Net:          true,
 			NoNewSession: true,
-			AutoEtc:      true,
 		}
 		// bind entries in /
 		if d, err := a.os.ReadDir("/"); err != nil {
@ -167,8 +173,9 @@ func (a *app) Seal(config *Config) error {
 				case "/run":
 				case "/tmp":
 				case "/mnt":
-				case "/etc":

+				case "/etc":
+					b = append(b, &FilesystemConfig{Src: p, Dst: "/dev/fortify/etc", Write: false, Must: true})
 				default:
 					b = append(b, &FilesystemConfig{Src: p, Write: true, Must: true})
 				}
@ -201,14 +208,35 @@ func (a *app) Seal(config *Config) error {
 		if config.Confinement.Enablements.Has(system.EX11) || config.Confinement.Enablements.Has(system.EWayland) {
 			conf.Filesystem = append(conf.Filesystem, &FilesystemConfig{Src: "/dev/dri", Device: true})
 		}
+		// link host /etc to prevent passwd/group from being overwritten
+		if d, err := a.os.ReadDir("/etc"); err != nil {
+			return err
+		} else {
+			b := make([][2]string, 0, len(d))
+			for _, ent := range d {
+				name := ent.Name()
+				switch name {
+				case "passwd":
+				case "group":
+
+				case "mtab":
+					b = append(b, [2]string{
+						"/proc/mounts",
+						"/etc/" + name,
+					})
+				default:
+					b = append(b, [2]string{
+						"/dev/fortify/etc/" + name,
+						"/etc/" + name,
+					})
+				}
+			}
+			conf.Link = append(conf.Link, b...)
+		}

 		config.Confinement.Sandbox = conf
 	}
-	if b, err := config.Confinement.Sandbox.Bwrap(a.os); err != nil {
-		return err
-	} else {
-		seal.sys.bwrap = b
-	}
+	seal.sys.bwrap = config.Confinement.Sandbox.Bwrap(a.os.Geteuid())
 	seal.sys.override = config.Confinement.Sandbox.Override
 	if seal.sys.bwrap.SetEnv == nil {
 		seal.sys.bwrap.SetEnv = make(map[string]string)
@ -223,10 +251,15 @@ func (a *app) Seal(config *Config) error {
 	// open process state store
 	// the simple store only starts holding an open file after first action
 	// store activity begins after Start is called and must end before Wait
-	seal.store = state.NewSimple(seal.RunDirPath, seal.sys.user.as)
+	seal.store = state.NewSimple(seal.RunDirPath, seal.sys.user.Uid)

-	// initialise system interface with full uid
-	seal.sys.I = system.New(seal.sys.user.uid)
+	// parse string UID
+	if u, err := strconv.Atoi(seal.sys.user.Uid); err != nil {
+		// unreachable unless kernel bug
+		panic("uid parse")
+	} else {
+		seal.sys.I = system.New(u)
+	}

 	// pass through enablements
 	seal.et = config.Confinement.Enablements
@ -237,8 +270,11 @@ func (a *app) Seal(config *Config) error {
 	}

 	// verbose log seal information
-	fmsg.VPrintf("created application seal for uid %s (%s) groups: %v, command: %s",
-		seal.sys.user.us, seal.sys.user.username, config.Confinement.Groups, config.Command)
+	fmsg.VPrintln("created application seal as user",
+		seal.sys.user.Username, "("+seal.sys.user.Uid+"),",
+		"method:", config.Method+",",
+		"launcher:", seal.toolPath+",",
+		"command:", config.Command)

 	// seal app and release lock
 	a.seal = seal
--- a/internal/app/share.display.go
+++ b/internal/app/share.display.go
@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ func (seal *appSeal) shareDisplay(os linux.System) error {
 			return fmsg.WrapError(ErrXDisplay,
 				"DISPLAY is not set")
 		} else {
-			seal.sys.ChangeHosts("#" + seal.sys.user.us)
+			seal.sys.ChangeHosts(seal.sys.user.Username)
 			seal.sys.bwrap.SetEnv[display] = d
 			seal.sys.bwrap.Bind("/tmp/.X11-unix", "/tmp/.X11-unix")
 		}
--- a/internal/app/share.system.go
+++ b/internal/app/share.system.go
@ -16,12 +16,12 @@ const (
 func (seal *appSeal) shareSystem() {
 	// ensure Share (e.g. `/tmp/fortify.%d`)
 	// acl is unnecessary as this directory is world executable
-	seal.sys.Ensure(seal.SharePath, 0711)
+	seal.sys.Ensure(seal.SharePath, 0701)

 	// ensure process-specific share (e.g. `/tmp/fortify.%d/%s`)
 	// acl is unnecessary as this directory is world executable
 	seal.share = path.Join(seal.SharePath, seal.id)
-	seal.sys.Ephemeral(system.Process, seal.share, 0711)
+	seal.sys.Ephemeral(system.Process, seal.share, 0701)

 	// ensure child tmpdir parent directory (e.g. `/tmp/fortify.%d/tmpdir`)
 	targetTmpdirParent := path.Join(seal.SharePath, "tmpdir")
@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ func (seal *appSeal) shareSystem() {
 	seal.sys.UpdatePermType(system.User, targetTmpdirParent, acl.Execute)

 	// ensure child tmpdir (e.g. `/tmp/fortify.%d/tmpdir/%d`)
-	targetTmpdir := path.Join(targetTmpdirParent, seal.sys.user.as)
+	targetTmpdir := path.Join(targetTmpdirParent, seal.sys.user.Uid)
 	seal.sys.Ensure(targetTmpdir, 01700)
 	seal.sys.UpdatePermType(system.User, targetTmpdir, acl.Read, acl.Write, acl.Execute)
 	seal.sys.bwrap.Bind(targetTmpdir, "/tmp", false, true)
@ -49,21 +49,15 @@ func (seal *appSeal) sharePasswd(os linux.System) {
 	// generate /etc/passwd
 	passwdPath := path.Join(seal.share, "passwd")
 	username := "chronos"
-	if seal.sys.user.username != "" {
-		username = seal.sys.user.username
+	if seal.sys.user.Username != "" {
+		username = seal.sys.user.Username
+		seal.sys.bwrap.SetEnv["USER"] = seal.sys.user.Username
 	}
 	homeDir := "/var/empty"
-	if seal.sys.user.home != "" {
-		homeDir = seal.sys.user.home
+	if seal.sys.user.HomeDir != "" {
+		homeDir = seal.sys.user.HomeDir
+		seal.sys.bwrap.SetEnv["HOME"] = seal.sys.user.HomeDir
 	}
-
-	// bind home directory
-	seal.sys.bwrap.Bind(seal.sys.user.data, homeDir, false, true)
-	seal.sys.bwrap.Chdir = homeDir
-
-	seal.sys.bwrap.SetEnv["USER"] = username
-	seal.sys.bwrap.SetEnv["HOME"] = homeDir
-
 	passwd := username + ":x:" + seal.sys.mappedIDString + ":" + seal.sys.mappedIDString + ":Fortify:" + homeDir + ":" + sh + "\n"
 	seal.sys.Write(passwdPath, passwd)

--- a/internal/app/start.go
+++ b/internal/app/start.go
@ -41,13 +41,19 @@ func (a *app) Start() error {
 		}
 	}

+	// select command builder
+	var commandBuilder shim.CommandBuilder
+	switch a.seal.launchOption {
+	case LaunchMethodSudo:
+		commandBuilder = a.commandBuilderSudo
+	case LaunchMethodMachineCtl:
+		commandBuilder = a.commandBuilderMachineCtl
+	default:
+		panic("unreachable")
+	}
+
 	// construct shim manager
-	a.shim = shim.New(
-		uint32(a.seal.sys.UID()),
-		a.seal.sys.user.as,
-		a.seal.sys.user.supp,
-		path.Join(a.seal.share, "shim"),
-		a.seal.wl,
+	a.shim = shim.New(a.seal.toolPath, uint32(a.seal.sys.UID()), path.Join(a.seal.share, "shim"), a.seal.wl,
 		&shim0.Payload{
 			Argv:  a.seal.command,
 			Exec:  shimExec,
@ -56,6 +62,9 @@ func (a *app) Start() error {

 			Verbose: fmsg.Verbose(),
 		},
+		// checkPid is impossible at the moment since there is no reliable way to obtain shim's pid
+		// this feature is disabled here until sudo is replaced by fortify suid wrapper
+		false,
 	)

 	// startup will go ahead, commit system setup
@ -64,7 +73,7 @@ func (a *app) Start() error {
 	}
 	a.seal.sys.needRevert = true

-	if startTime, err := a.shim.Start(); err != nil {
+	if startTime, err := a.shim.Start(commandBuilder); err != nil {
 		return err
 	} else {
 		// shim start and setup success, create process state
@ -72,6 +81,7 @@ func (a *app) Start() error {
 			PID:        a.shim.Unwrap().Process.Pid,
 			Command:    a.seal.command,
 			Capability: a.seal.et,
+			Method:     method[a.seal.launchOption],
 			Argv:       a.shim.Unwrap().Args,
 			Time:       *startTime,
 		}
@ -156,35 +166,20 @@ func (a *app) Wait() (int, error) {
 		// failure prior to process start
 		r = 255
 	} else {
-		wait := make(chan error, 1)
-		go func() { wait <- cmd.Wait() }()
-
-		select {
 		// wait for process and resolve exit code
-		case err := <-wait:
-			if err != nil {
-				var exitError *exec.ExitError
-				if !errors.As(err, &exitError) {
-					// should be unreachable
-					a.waitErr = err
-				}
-
-				// store non-zero return code
-				r = exitError.ExitCode()
-			} else {
-				r = cmd.ProcessState.ExitCode()
+		if err := cmd.Wait(); err != nil {
+			var exitError *exec.ExitError
+			if !errors.As(err, &exitError) {
+				// should be unreachable
+				a.waitErr = err
 			}
-			fmsg.VPrintf("process %d exited with exit code %d", cmd.Process.Pid, r)

-		// alternative exit path when kill was unsuccessful
-		case err := <-a.shim.WaitFallback():
-			r = 255
-			if err != nil {
-				fmsg.Printf("cannot terminate shim on faulted setup: %v", err)
-			} else {
-				fmsg.VPrintln("alternative exit path selected")
-			}
+			// store non-zero return code
+			r = exitError.ExitCode()
+		} else {
+			r = cmd.ProcessState.ExitCode()
 		}
+		fmsg.VPrintf("process %d exited with exit code %d", cmd.Process.Pid, r)
 	}

 	// child process exited, resume output
@ -255,16 +250,9 @@ func (a *app) Wait() (int, error) {
 				}
 			}

-			if a.shim.Unwrap() == nil {
-				fmsg.VPrintln("fault before shim start")
-			} else {
-				a.shim.AbortWait(errors.New("shim exited"))
-			}
-
-			if a.seal.sys.needRevert {
-				if err := a.seal.sys.Revert(ec); err != nil {
-					return err.(RevertCompoundError)
-				}
+			a.shim.AbortWait(errors.New("shim exited"))
+			if err := a.seal.sys.Revert(ec); err != nil {
+				return err.(RevertCompoundError)
 			}

 			return nil
--- a/internal/app/system.go
+++ b/internal/app/system.go
@ -1,6 +1,8 @@
 package app

 import (
+	"os/user"
+
 	"git.ophivana.moe/security/fortify/dbus"
 	"git.ophivana.moe/security/fortify/helper/bwrap"
 	"git.ophivana.moe/security/fortify/internal/linux"
@ -16,7 +18,7 @@ type appSealSys struct {
 	// default formatted XDG_RUNTIME_DIR of User
 	runtime string
 	// target user sealed from config
-	user appUser
+	user *user.User

 	// mapped uid and gid in user namespace
 	mappedID int
@ -30,28 +32,6 @@ type appSealSys struct {
 	// protected by upstream mutex
 }

-type appUser struct {
-	// full uid resolved by fsu
-	uid int
-	// string representation of uid
-	us string
-
-	// supplementary group ids
-	supp []string
-
-	// application id
-	aid int
-	// string representation of aid
-	as string
-
-	// home directory host path
-	data string
-	// app user home directory
-	home string
-	// passwd database username
-	username string
-}
-
 // shareAll calls all share methods in sequence
 func (seal *appSeal) shareAll(bus [2]*dbus.Config, os linux.System) error {
 	if seal.shared {
--- a/internal/fmsg/defer.go
+++ b/internal/fmsg/defer.go
@ -33,17 +33,16 @@ func dequeue() {
 // queue submits ops to msgbuf but drops messages
 // when the buffer is full and dequeue is withholding
 func queue(op dOp) {
-	queueSync.Add(1)
-
 	select {
 	case msgbuf <- op:
+		queueSync.Add(1)
 	default:
 		// send the op anyway if not withholding
 		// as dequeue will get to it eventually
 		if !wstate.Load() {
+			queueSync.Add(1)
 			msgbuf <- op
 		} else {
-			queueSync.Done()
 			// increment dropped message count
 			dropped.Add(1)
 		}
@ -57,10 +56,9 @@ func Exit(code int) {
 	os.Exit(code)
 }

-func Suspend() {
+func Withhold() {
 	dequeueOnce.Do(dequeue)
 	if wstate.CompareAndSwap(false, true) {
-		queueSync.Wait()
 		withhold <- struct{}{}
 	}
 }
--- a/internal/linux/interface.go
+++ b/internal/linux/interface.go
@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 package linux

 import (
-	"io"
 	"io/fs"
 	"os/user"
 	"path"
@ -22,8 +21,8 @@ type System interface {
 	LookPath(file string) (string, error)
 	// Executable provides [os.Executable].
 	Executable() (string, error)
-	// LookupGroup provides [user.LookupGroup].
-	LookupGroup(name string) (*user.Group, error)
+	// Lookup provides [user.Lookup].
+	Lookup(username string) (*user.User, error)
 	// ReadDir provides [os.ReadDir].
 	ReadDir(name string) ([]fs.DirEntry, error)
 	// Stat provides [os.Stat].
@ -32,13 +31,11 @@ type System interface {
 	Open(name string) (fs.File, error)
 	// Exit provides [os.Exit].
 	Exit(code int)
-	// Stdout provides [os.Stdout].
-	Stdout() io.Writer

+	// FshimPath returns an absolute path to the fshim binary.
+	FshimPath() string
 	// Paths returns a populated [Paths] struct.
 	Paths() Paths
-	// Uid invokes fsu and returns target uid.
-	Uid(aid int) (int, error)
 	// SdBooted implements https://www.freedesktop.org/software/systemd/man/sd_booted.html
 	SdBooted() bool
 }
--- a/internal/linux/std.go
+++ b/internal/linux/std.go
@ -2,12 +2,10 @@ package linux

 import (
 	"errors"
-	"io"
 	"io/fs"
 	"os"
 	"os/exec"
 	"os/user"
-	"strconv"
 	"sync"

 	"git.ophivana.moe/security/fortify/internal"
@ -22,75 +20,40 @@ type Std struct {
 	sdBooted     bool
 	sdBootedOnce sync.Once

-	uidOnce sync.Once
-	uidCopy map[int]struct {
-		uid int
-		err error
-	}
-	uidMu sync.RWMutex
+	fshim     string
+	fshimOnce sync.Once
 }

-func (s *Std) Geteuid() int                                 { return os.Geteuid() }
-func (s *Std) LookupEnv(key string) (string, bool)          { return os.LookupEnv(key) }
-func (s *Std) TempDir() string                              { return os.TempDir() }
-func (s *Std) LookPath(file string) (string, error)         { return exec.LookPath(file) }
-func (s *Std) Executable() (string, error)                  { return os.Executable() }
-func (s *Std) LookupGroup(name string) (*user.Group, error) { return user.LookupGroup(name) }
-func (s *Std) ReadDir(name string) ([]os.DirEntry, error)   { return os.ReadDir(name) }
-func (s *Std) Stat(name string) (fs.FileInfo, error)        { return os.Stat(name) }
-func (s *Std) Open(name string) (fs.File, error)            { return os.Open(name) }
-func (s *Std) Exit(code int)                                { fmsg.Exit(code) }
-func (s *Std) Stdout() io.Writer                            { return os.Stdout }
+func (s *Std) Geteuid() int                               { return os.Geteuid() }
+func (s *Std) LookupEnv(key string) (string, bool)        { return os.LookupEnv(key) }
+func (s *Std) TempDir() string                            { return os.TempDir() }
+func (s *Std) LookPath(file string) (string, error)       { return exec.LookPath(file) }
+func (s *Std) Executable() (string, error)                { return os.Executable() }
+func (s *Std) Lookup(username string) (*user.User, error) { return user.Lookup(username) }
+func (s *Std) ReadDir(name string) ([]os.DirEntry, error) { return os.ReadDir(name) }
+func (s *Std) Stat(name string) (fs.FileInfo, error)      { return os.Stat(name) }
+func (s *Std) Open(name string) (fs.File, error)          { return os.Open(name) }
+func (s *Std) Exit(code int)                              { fmsg.Exit(code) }

 const xdgRuntimeDir = "XDG_RUNTIME_DIR"

+func (s *Std) FshimPath() string {
+	s.fshimOnce.Do(func() {
+		p, ok := internal.Path(internal.Fshim)
+		if !ok {
+			fmsg.Fatal("invalid fshim path, this copy of fortify is not compiled correctly")
+		}
+		s.fshim = p
+	})
+
+	return s.fshim
+}
+
 func (s *Std) Paths() Paths {
 	s.pathsOnce.Do(func() { CopyPaths(s, &s.paths) })
 	return s.paths
 }

-func (s *Std) Uid(aid int) (int, error) {
-	s.uidOnce.Do(func() {
-		s.uidCopy = make(map[int]struct {
-			uid int
-			err error
-		})
-	})
-
-	s.uidMu.RLock()
-	if u, ok := s.uidCopy[aid]; ok {
-		s.uidMu.RUnlock()
-		return u.uid, u.err
-	}
-
-	s.uidMu.RUnlock()
-	s.uidMu.Lock()
-	defer s.uidMu.Unlock()
-
-	u := struct {
-		uid int
-		err error
-	}{}
-	defer func() { s.uidCopy[aid] = u }()
-
-	u.uid = -1
-	if fsu, ok := internal.Check(internal.Fsu); !ok {
-		fmsg.Fatal("invalid fsu path, this copy of fshim is not compiled correctly")
-		panic("unreachable")
-	} else {
-		cmd := exec.Command(fsu)
-		cmd.Path = fsu
-		cmd.Stderr = os.Stderr // pass through fatal messages
-		cmd.Env = []string{"FORTIFY_APP_ID=" + strconv.Itoa(aid)}
-		cmd.Dir = "/"
-		var p []byte
-		if p, u.err = cmd.Output(); u.err == nil {
-			u.uid, u.err = strconv.Atoi(string(p))
-		}
-		return u.uid, u.err
-	}
-}
-
 func (s *Std) SdBooted() bool {
 	s.sdBootedOnce.Do(func() { s.sdBooted = copySdBooted() })
 	return s.sdBooted
--- a/internal/path.go
+++ b/internal/path.go
@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ import "path"

 var (
 	Fsu   = compPoison
+	Fshim = compPoison
 	Finit = compPoison
 )

--- a/internal/state/print.go
+++ b/internal/state/print.go
@ -67,10 +67,10 @@ func (s *simpleStore) mustPrintLauncherState(w **tabwriter.Writer, now time.Time

 				// write header when initialising
 				if !fmsg.Verbose() {
-					_, _ = fmt.Fprintln(*w, "\tPID\tApp\tUptime\tEnablements\tCommand")
+					_, _ = fmt.Fprintln(*w, "\tUID\tPID\tUptime\tEnablements\tMethod\tCommand")
 				} else {
 					// argv is emitted in body when verbose
-					_, _ = fmt.Fprintln(*w, "\tPID\tApp\tArgv")
+					_, _ = fmt.Fprintln(*w, "\tUID\tPID\tArgv")
 				}
 			}

@ -96,13 +96,13 @@ func (s *simpleStore) mustPrintLauncherState(w **tabwriter.Writer, now time.Time
 				}

 				if !fmsg.Verbose() {
-					_, _ = fmt.Fprintf(*w, "\t%d\t%s\t%s\t%s\t%s\n",
-						state.PID, s.path[len(s.path)-1], now.Sub(state.Time).Round(time.Second).String(), strings.TrimPrefix(ets.String(), ", "),
+					_, _ = fmt.Fprintf(*w, "\t%s\t%d\t%s\t%s\t%s\t%s\n",
+						s.path[len(s.path)-1], state.PID, now.Sub(state.Time).Round(time.Second).String(), strings.TrimPrefix(ets.String(), ", "), state.Method,
 						state.Command)
 				} else {
 					// emit argv instead when verbose
-					_, _ = fmt.Fprintf(*w, "\t%d\t%s\t%s\n",
-						state.PID, s.path[len(s.path)-1], state.Argv)
+					_, _ = fmt.Fprintf(*w, "\t%s\t%d\t%s\n",
+						s.path[len(s.path)-1], state.PID, state.Argv)
 				}
 			}

--- a/internal/state/state.go
+++ b/internal/state/state.go
@ -33,6 +33,8 @@ type State struct {
 	// capability enablements applied to child
 	Capability system.Enablements

+	// user switch method
+	Method string
 	// full argv whe launching
 	Argv []string
 	// process start time
--- a/license.go
+++ b/license.go
@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+package main
+
+import (
+	_ "embed"
+	"flag"
+	"fmt"
+)
+
+var (
+	//go:embed LICENSE
+	license string
+
+	printLicense bool
+)
+
+func init() {
+	flag.BoolVar(&printLicense, "license", false, "Print license")
+}
+
+func tryLicense() {
+	if printLicense {
+		fmt.Println(license)
+		os.Exit(0)
+	}
+}
--- a/main.go
+++ b/main.go
@ -1,30 +1,16 @@
 package main

 import (
-	_ "embed"
-	"encoding/json"
 	"flag"
-	"fmt"
-	"os/user"
-	"strconv"
-	"strings"
-	"sync"
-	"text/tabwriter"

-	"git.ophivana.moe/security/fortify/dbus"
 	"git.ophivana.moe/security/fortify/internal"
 	"git.ophivana.moe/security/fortify/internal/app"
 	"git.ophivana.moe/security/fortify/internal/fmsg"
 	"git.ophivana.moe/security/fortify/internal/linux"
-	"git.ophivana.moe/security/fortify/internal/state"
-	"git.ophivana.moe/security/fortify/internal/system"
 )

 var (
 	flagVerbose bool
-
-	//go:embed LICENSE
-	license string
 )

 func init() {
@ -33,257 +19,38 @@ func init() {

 var os = new(linux.Std)

-type gl []string
-
-func (g *gl) String() string {
-	if g == nil {
-		return "<nil>"
-	}
-	return strings.Join(*g, " ")
-}
-
-func (g *gl) Set(v string) error {
-	*g = append(*g, v)
-	return nil
-}
-
 func main() {
 	if err := internal.PR_SET_DUMPABLE__SUID_DUMP_DISABLE(); err != nil {
 		fmsg.Printf("cannot set SUID_DUMP_DISABLE: %s", err)
 		// not fatal: this program runs as the privileged user
 	}

+	flag.Parse()
+	fmsg.SetVerbose(flagVerbose)
+
+	if os.SdBooted() {
+		fmsg.VPrintln("system booted with systemd as init system")
+	}
+
+	// root check
 	if os.Geteuid() == 0 {
 		fmsg.Fatal("this program must not run as root")
 		panic("unreachable")
 	}

-	flag.CommandLine.Usage = func() {
-		fmt.Println()
-		fmt.Println("Usage:\tfortify [-v] COMMAND [OPTIONS]")
-		fmt.Println()
-		fmt.Println("Commands:")
-		w := tabwriter.NewWriter(os.Stdout(), 0, 1, 4, ' ', 0)
-		commands := [][2]string{
-			{"app", "Launch app defined by the specified config file"},
-			{"run", "Configure and start a permissive default sandbox"},
-			{"ps", "List active apps and their state"},
-			{"version", "Show fortify version"},
-			{"license", "Show full license text"},
-			{"template", "Produce a config template"},
-			{"help", "Show this help message"},
-		}
-		for _, c := range commands {
-			_, _ = fmt.Fprintf(w, "\t%s\t%s\n", c[0], c[1])
-		}
-		if err := w.Flush(); err != nil {
-			fmt.Printf("fortify: cannot write command list: %v\n", err)
-		}
-		fmt.Println()
-	}
-	flag.Parse()
-	fmsg.SetVerbose(flagVerbose)
+	// version/license/template command early exit
+	tryVersion()
+	tryLicense()
+	tryTemplate()

-	args := flag.Args()
-	if len(args) == 0 {
-		flag.CommandLine.Usage()
-		fmsg.Exit(0)
-	}
-
-	switch args[0] {
-	case "version": // print version string
-		if v, ok := internal.Check(internal.Version); ok {
-			fmt.Println(v)
-		} else {
-			fmt.Println("impure")
-		}
-		fmsg.Exit(0)
-	case "license": // print embedded license
-		fmt.Println(license)
-		fmsg.Exit(0)
-	case "template": // print full template configuration
-		if s, err := json.MarshalIndent(app.Template(), "", "  "); err != nil {
-			fmsg.Fatalf("cannot generate template: %v", err)
-			panic("unreachable")
-		} else {
-			fmt.Println(string(s))
-		}
-		fmsg.Exit(0)
-	case "help": // print help message
-		flag.CommandLine.Usage()
-		fmsg.Exit(0)
-	case "ps": // print all state info
-		var w *tabwriter.Writer
-		state.MustPrintLauncherStateSimpleGlobal(&w, os.Paths().RunDirPath)
-		if w != nil {
-			if err := w.Flush(); err != nil {
-				fmsg.Println("cannot format output:", err)
-			}
-		} else {
-			fmt.Println("No information available")
-		}
-
-		fmsg.Exit(0)
-	case "app": // launch app from configuration file
-		if len(args) < 2 {
-			fmsg.Fatal("app requires at least 1 argument")
-		}
-
-		config := new(app.Config)
-		if f, err := os.Open(args[1]); err != nil {
-			fmsg.Fatalf("cannot access config file %q: %s", args[1], err)
-			panic("unreachable")
-		} else if err = json.NewDecoder(f).Decode(&config); err != nil {
-			fmsg.Fatalf("cannot parse config file %q: %s", args[1], err)
-			panic("unreachable")
-		}
-
-		// append extra args
-		config.Command = append(config.Command, args[2:]...)
-
-		// invoke app
-		runApp(config)
-	case "run": // run app in permissive defaults usage pattern
-		set := flag.NewFlagSet("run", flag.ExitOnError)
-
-		var (
-			dbusConfigSession string
-			dbusConfigSystem  string
-			dbusID            string
-			mpris             bool
-			dbusVerbose       bool
-
-			aid         int
-			groups      gl
-			homeDir     string
-			userName    string
-			enablements [system.ELen]bool
-		)
-
-		set.StringVar(&dbusConfigSession, "dbus-config", "builtin", "Path to D-Bus proxy config file, or \"builtin\" for defaults")
-		set.StringVar(&dbusConfigSystem, "dbus-system", "nil", "Path to system D-Bus proxy config file, or \"nil\" to disable")
-		set.StringVar(&dbusID, "dbus-id", "", "D-Bus ID of application, leave empty to disable own paths, has no effect if custom config is available")
-		set.BoolVar(&mpris, "mpris", false, "Allow owning MPRIS D-Bus path, has no effect if custom config is available")
-		set.BoolVar(&dbusVerbose, "dbus-log", false, "Force logging in the D-Bus proxy")
-
-		set.IntVar(&aid, "a", 0, "Fortify application ID")
-		set.Var(&groups, "g", "Groups inherited by the app process")
-		set.StringVar(&homeDir, "d", "os", "Application home directory")
-		set.StringVar(&userName, "u", "chronos", "Passwd name within sandbox")
-		set.BoolVar(&enablements[system.EWayland], "wayland", false, "Share Wayland socket")
-		set.BoolVar(&enablements[system.EX11], "X", false, "Share X11 socket and allow connection")
-		set.BoolVar(&enablements[system.EDBus], "dbus", false, "Proxy D-Bus connection")
-		set.BoolVar(&enablements[system.EPulse], "pulse", false, "Share PulseAudio socket and cookie")
-
-		// Ignore errors; set is set for ExitOnError.
-		_ = set.Parse(args[1:])
-
-		// initialise config from flags
-		config := &app.Config{
-			ID:      dbusID,
-			Command: set.Args(),
-		}
-
-		if aid < 0 || aid > 9999 {
-			fmsg.Fatalf("aid %d out of range", aid)
-			panic("unreachable")
-		}
-
-		// resolve home/username from os when flag is unset
-		var (
-			passwd     *user.User
-			passwdOnce sync.Once
-			passwdFunc = func() {
-				var us string
-				if uid, err := os.Uid(aid); err != nil {
-					fmsg.Fatalf("cannot obtain uid from fsu: %v", err)
-				} else {
-					us = strconv.Itoa(uid)
-				}
-
-				if u, err := user.LookupId(us); err != nil {
-					fmsg.VPrintf("cannot look up uid %s", us)
-					passwd = &user.User{
-						Uid:      us,
-						Gid:      us,
-						Username: "chronos",
-						Name:     "Fortify",
-						HomeDir:  "/var/empty",
-					}
-				} else {
-					passwd = u
-				}
-			}
-		)
-
-		if homeDir == "os" {
-			passwdOnce.Do(passwdFunc)
-			homeDir = passwd.HomeDir
-		}
-
-		if userName == "chronos" {
-			passwdOnce.Do(passwdFunc)
-			userName = passwd.Username
-		}
-
-		config.Confinement.AppID = aid
-		config.Confinement.Groups = groups
-		config.Confinement.Outer = homeDir
-		config.Confinement.Username = userName
-
-		// enablements from flags
-		for i := system.Enablement(0); i < system.Enablement(system.ELen); i++ {
-			if enablements[i] {
-				config.Confinement.Enablements.Set(i)
-			}
-		}
-
-		// parse D-Bus config file from flags if applicable
-		if enablements[system.EDBus] {
-			if dbusConfigSession == "builtin" {
-				config.Confinement.SessionBus = dbus.NewConfig(dbusID, true, mpris)
-			} else {
-				if c, err := dbus.NewConfigFromFile(dbusConfigSession); err != nil {
-					fmsg.Fatalf("cannot load session bus proxy config from %q: %s", dbusConfigSession, err)
-				} else {
-					config.Confinement.SessionBus = c
-				}
-			}
-
-			// system bus proxy is optional
-			if dbusConfigSystem != "nil" {
-				if c, err := dbus.NewConfigFromFile(dbusConfigSystem); err != nil {
-					fmsg.Fatalf("cannot load system bus proxy config from %q: %s", dbusConfigSystem, err)
-				} else {
-					config.Confinement.SystemBus = c
-				}
-			}
-
-			// override log from configuration
-			if dbusVerbose {
-				config.Confinement.SessionBus.Log = true
-				config.Confinement.SystemBus.Log = true
-			}
-		}
-
-		// invoke app
-		runApp(config)
-	default:
-		fmsg.Fatalf("%q is not a valid command", args[0])
-	}
-
-	panic("unreachable")
-}
-
-func runApp(config *app.Config) {
-	if os.SdBooted() {
-		fmsg.VPrintln("system booted with systemd as init system")
-	}
+	// state query command early exit
+	tryState()

+	// invoke app
 	a, err := app.New(os)
 	if err != nil {
 		fmsg.Fatalf("cannot create app: %s\n", err)
-	} else if err = a.Seal(config); err != nil {
+	} else if err = a.Seal(loadConfig()); err != nil {
 		logBaseError(err, "cannot seal app:")
 		fmsg.Exit(1)
 	} else if err = a.Start(); err != nil {
@ -302,5 +69,4 @@ func runApp(config *app.Config) {
 		fmsg.Println("inner wait failed:", err)
 	}
 	fmsg.Exit(r)
-	panic("unreachable")
 }
--- a/nixos.nix
+++ b/nixos.nix
@ -7,212 +7,290 @@

 let
  inherit (lib)
+    types
+    mkOption
+    mkEnableOption
    mkIf
-    mkDefault
    mapAttrs
    mapAttrsToList
-    mergeAttrsList
-    imap1
-    foldr
    foldlAttrs
    optional
-    optionals
    ;

  cfg = config.environment.fortify;
 in

 {
-  imports = [ ./options.nix ];
+  options = {
+    environment.fortify = {
+      enable = mkEnableOption "fortify";
+
+      target = mkOption {
+        default = { };
+        type =
+          let
+            inherit (types)
+              str
+              enum
+              bool
+              package
+              anything
+              submodule
+              listOf
+              attrsOf
+              nullOr
+              ;
+          in
+          attrsOf (submodule {
+            options = {
+              packages = mkOption {
+                type = listOf package;
+                default = [ ];
+                description = ''
+                  List of extra packages to install via home-manager.
+                '';
+              };
+
+              launchers = mkOption {
+                type = attrsOf (submodule {
+                  options = {
+                    command = mkOption {
+                      type = nullOr str;
+                      default = null;
+                      description = ''
+                        Command to run as the target user.
+                        Setting this to null will default command to wrapper name.
+                      '';
+                    };
+
+                    dbus = {
+                      config = mkOption {
+                        type = nullOr anything;
+                        default = null;
+                        description = ''
+                          D-Bus custom configuration.
+                          Setting this to null will enable built-in defaults.
+                        '';
+                      };
+
+                      configSystem = mkOption {
+                        type = nullOr anything;
+                        default = null;
+                        description = ''
+                          D-Bus system bus custom configuration.
+                          Setting this to null will disable the system bus proxy.
+                        '';
+                      };
+
+                      id = mkOption {
+                        type = nullOr str;
+                        default = null;
+                        description = ''
+                          D-Bus application id.
+                          Setting this to null will disable own path in defaults.
+                          Has no effect if custom configuration is set.
+                        '';
+                      };
+
+                      mpris = mkOption {
+                        type = bool;
+                        default = false;
+                        description = ''
+                          Whether to enable MPRIS in D-Bus defaults.
+                        '';
+                      };
+                    };
+
+                    capability = {
+                      wayland = mkOption {
+                        type = bool;
+                        default = true;
+                        description = ''
+                          Whether to share the Wayland socket.
+                        '';
+                      };
+
+                      x11 = mkOption {
+                        type = bool;
+                        default = false;
+                        description = ''
+                          Whether to share the X11 socket and allow connection.
+                        '';
+                      };
+
+                      dbus = mkOption {
+                        type = bool;
+                        default = true;
+                        description = ''
+                          Whether to proxy D-Bus.
+                        '';
+                      };
+
+                      pulse = mkOption {
+                        type = bool;
+                        default = true;
+                        description = ''
+                          Whether to share the PulseAudio socket and cookie.
+                        '';
+                      };
+                    };
+
+                    share = mkOption {
+                      type = nullOr package;
+                      default = null;
+                      description = ''
+                        Package containing share files.
+                        Setting this to null will default package name to wrapper name.
+                      '';
+                    };
+
+                    method = mkOption {
+                      type = enum [
+                        "simple"
+                        "sudo"
+                        "systemd"
+                      ];
+                      default = "systemd";
+                      description = ''
+                        Launch method for the sandboxed program.
+                      '';
+                    };
+                  };
+                });
+                default = { };
+              };
+
+              persistence = mkOption {
+                type = submodule {
+                  options = {
+                    directories = mkOption {
+                      type = listOf anything;
+                      default = [ ];
+                    };
+
+                    files = mkOption {
+                      type = listOf anything;
+                      default = [ ];
+                    };
+                  };
+                };
+                description = ''
+                  Per-user state passed to github:nix-community/impermanence.
+                '';
+              };
+
+              extraConfig = mkOption {
+                type = anything;
+                default = { };
+                description = "Extra home-manager configuration.";
+              };
+            };
+          });
+      };
+
+      package = mkOption {
+        type = types.package;
+        default = pkgs.callPackage ./package.nix { };
+        description = "Package providing fortify.";
+      };
+
+      user = mkOption {
+        type = types.str;
+        description = "Privileged user account.";
+      };
+
+      stateDir = mkOption {
+        type = types.str;
+        description = ''
+          The path to persistent storage where per-user state should be stored.
+        '';
+      };
+    };
+  };

  config = mkIf cfg.enable {
-    security.wrappers.fsu = {
-      source = "${cfg.package}/libexec/fsu";
-      setuid = true;
-      owner = "root";
-      setgid = true;
-      group = "root";
-    };
+    environment.persistence.${cfg.stateDir}.users = mapAttrs (_: target: target.persistence) cfg.target;

-    environment.etc = {
-      fsurc = {
-        mode = "0400";
-        text = foldlAttrs (
-          acc: username: fid:
-          "${toString config.users.users.${username}.uid} ${toString fid}\n" + acc
-        ) "" cfg.users;
-      };
-
-      userdb.source = pkgs.runCommand "fortify-userdb" { } ''
-        ${cfg.package}/libexec/fuserdb -o $out ${
-          foldlAttrs (
-            acc: username: fid:
-            acc + " ${username}:${toString fid}"
-          ) "-s /run/current-system/sw/bin/nologin -d ${cfg.stateDir}" cfg.users
-        }
-      '';
-    };
-
-    services.userdbd.enable = mkDefault true;
-
-    home-manager =
-      let
-        privPackages = mapAttrs (username: fid: {
-          home.packages =
-            let
-              # aid 0 is reserved
-              wrappers = imap1 (
-                aid: app:
+    home-manager.users =
+      mapAttrs (_: target: target.extraConfig // { home.packages = target.packages; }) cfg.target
+      // {
+        ${cfg.user}.home.packages =
+          let
+            wrap =
+              user: launchers:
+              mapAttrsToList (
+                name: launcher:
+                with launcher.capability;
                let
-                  extendDBusDefault = id: ext: {
-                    filter = true;
-
-                    talk = [ "org.freedesktop.Notifications" ] ++ ext.talk;
-                    own =
-                      (optionals (app.id != null) [
-                        "${id}.*"
-                        "org.mpris.MediaPlayer2.${id}.*"
-                      ])
-                      ++ ext.own;
-
-                    inherit (ext) call broadcast;
-                  };
+                  command = if launcher.command == null then name else launcher.command;
                  dbusConfig =
-                    let
-                      default = {
-                        talk = [ ];
-                        own = [ ];
-                        call = { };
-                        broadcast = { };
-                      };
-                    in
-                    {
-                      session_bus =
-                        if app.dbus.session != null then
-                          (app.dbus.session (extendDBusDefault app.id))
-                        else
-                          (extendDBusDefault app.id default);
-                      system_bus = app.dbus.system;
-                    };
-                  command = if app.command == null then app.name else app.command;
-                  script = if app.script == null then ("exec " + command + " $@") else app.script;
-                  enablements =
-                    with app.capability;
-                    (if wayland then 1 else 0)
-                    + (if x11 then 2 else 0)
-                    + (if dbus then 4 else 0)
-                    + (if pulse then 8 else 0);
-                  conf = {
-                    inherit (app) id;
-                    command = [
-                      (pkgs.writeScript "${app.name}-start" ''
-                        #!${pkgs.zsh}${pkgs.zsh.shellPath}
-                        ${script}
-                      '')
-                    ];
-                    confinement = {
-                      app_id = aid;
-                      inherit (app) groups;
-                      username = "u${toString fid}_a${toString aid}";
-                      home = "${cfg.stateDir}/${toString fid}/${toString aid}";
-                      sandbox = {
-                        inherit (app)
-                          userns
-                          net
-                          dev
-                          env
-                          ;
-                        map_real_uid = app.mapRealUid;
-                        filesystem =
-                          [
-                            { src = "/bin"; }
-                            { src = "/usr/bin"; }
-                            { src = "/nix/store"; }
-                            { src = "/run/current-system"; }
-                            {
-                              src = "/sys/block";
-                              require = false;
-                            }
-                            {
-                              src = "/sys/bus";
-                              require = false;
-                            }
-                            {
-                              src = "/sys/class";
-                              require = false;
-                            }
-                            {
-                              src = "/sys/dev";
-                              require = false;
-                            }
-                            {
-                              src = "/sys/devices";
-                              require = false;
-                            }
-                          ]
-                          ++ optionals app.nix [
-                            { src = "/nix/var"; }
-                            { src = "/var/db/nix-channels"; }
-                          ]
-                          ++ optionals (if app.gpu != null then app.gpu else app.capability.wayland || app.capability.x11) [
-                            { src = "/run/opengl-driver"; }
-                            {
-                              src = "/dev/dri";
-                              dev = true;
-                            }
-                          ]
-                          ++ app.extraPaths;
-                        auto_etc = true;
-                        override = [ "/var/run/nscd" ];
-                      };
-                      inherit enablements;
-                      inherit (dbusConfig) session_bus system_bus;
-                    };
-                  };
+                    if launcher.dbus.config != null then
+                      pkgs.writeText "${name}-dbus.json" (builtins.toJSON launcher.dbus.config)
+                    else
+                      null;
+                  dbusSystem =
+                    if launcher.dbus.configSystem != null then
+                      pkgs.writeText "${name}-dbus-system.json" (builtins.toJSON launcher.dbus.configSystem)
+                    else
+                      null;
+                  capArgs =
+                    (if wayland then " --wayland" else "")
+                    + (if x11 then " -X" else "")
+                    + (if dbus then " --dbus" else "")
+                    + (if pulse then " --pulse" else "")
+                    + (if launcher.dbus.mpris then " --mpris" else "")
+                    + (if launcher.dbus.id != null then " --dbus-id ${launcher.dbus.id}" else "")
+                    + (if dbusConfig != null then " --dbus-config ${dbusConfig}" else "")
+                    + (if dbusSystem != null then " --dbus-system ${dbusSystem}" else "");
                in
-                pkgs.writeShellScriptBin app.name ''
-                  exec fortify app ${pkgs.writeText "fortify-${app.name}.json" (builtins.toJSON conf)} $@
-                ''
-              ) cfg.apps;
-            in
-            foldr (
-              app: acc:
+                pkgs.writeShellScriptBin name (
+                  if launcher.method == "simple" then
+                    ''
+                      exec sudo -u ${user} -i ${command} $@
+                    ''
+                  else
+                    ''
+                      exec fortify${capArgs} --method ${launcher.method} -u ${user} $SHELL -c "exec ${command} $@"
+                    ''
+                )
+              ) launchers;
+          in
+          foldlAttrs (
+            acc: user: target:
+            acc
+            ++ (foldlAttrs (
+              shares: name: launcher:
              let
-                pkg = if app.share != null then app.share else pkgs.${app.name};
-                copy = source: "[ -d '${source}' ] && cp -Lrv '${source}' $out/share || true";
+                pkg = if launcher.share != null then launcher.share else pkgs.${name};
+                link = source: "[ -d '${source}' ] && ln -sv '${source}' $out/share || true";
              in
-              optional (app.capability.wayland || app.capability.x11) (
-                pkgs.runCommand "${app.name}-share" { } ''
-                  mkdir -p $out/share
-                  ${copy "${pkg}/share/applications"}
-                  ${copy "${pkg}/share/pixmaps"}
-                  ${copy "${pkg}/share/icons"}
-                  ${copy "${pkg}/share/man"}
-
-                  substituteInPlace $out/share/applications/* \
-                    --replace-warn '${pkg}/bin/' "" \
-                    --replace-warn '${pkg}/libexec/' ""
-                ''
-              )
-              ++ acc
-            ) (wrappers ++ [ cfg.package ]) cfg.apps;
-        }) cfg.users;
-      in
-      {
-        useUserPackages = false; # prevent users.users entries from being added
-
-        users = foldlAttrs (
-          acc: _: fid:
-          mergeAttrsList (
-            # aid 0 is reserved
-            imap1 (aid: app: {
-              "u${toString fid}_a${toString aid}" = app.extraConfig // {
-                home.packages = app.packages;
-              };
-            }) cfg.apps
-          )
-          // acc
-        ) privPackages cfg.users;
+              shares
+              ++
+                optional (launcher.method != "simple" && (launcher.capability.wayland || launcher.capability.x11))
+                  (
+                    pkgs.runCommand "${name}-share" { } ''
+                      mkdir -p $out/share
+                      ${link "${pkg}/share/applications"}
+                      ${link "${pkg}/share/icons"}
+                      ${link "${pkg}/share/man"}
+                    ''
+                  )
+            ) (wrap user target.launchers) target.launchers)
+          ) [ cfg.package ] cfg.target;
      };
+
+    security.polkit.extraConfig =
+      let
+        allowList = builtins.toJSON (mapAttrsToList (name: _: name) cfg.target);
+      in
+      ''
+        polkit.addRule(function(action, subject) {
+          if (action.id == "org.freedesktop.machine1.host-shell" &&
+            ${allowList}.indexOf(action.lookup("user")) > -1 &&
+            subject.user == "${cfg.user}") {
+                return polkit.Result.YES;
+          }
+        });
+      '';
  };
 }
--- a/options.md
+++ b/options.md
@ -1,531 +0,0 @@
-## environment\.fortify\.enable
-
-
-
-Whether to enable fortify\.
-
-
-
-*Type:*
-boolean
-
-
-
-*Default:*
-` false `
-
-
-
-*Example:*
-` true `
-
-
-
-
-## environment\.fortify\.package
-
-
-
-The fortify package to use\.
-
-
-
-*Type:*
-package
-
-
-
-*Default:*
-` <derivation fortify-0.1.0> `
-
-
-
-
-## environment\.fortify\.apps
-
-Declarative fortify apps\.
-
-
-
-*Type:*
-list of (submodule)
-
-
-
-*Default:*
-` [ ] `
-
-
-
-
-## environment\.fortify\.apps\.\*\.packages
-
-
-
-List of extra packages to install via home-manager\.
-
-
-
-*Type:*
-list of package
-
-
-
-*Default:*
-` [ ] `
-
-
-
-
-## environment\.fortify\.apps\.\*\.capability\.dbus
-
-
-
-Whether to proxy D-Bus\.
-
-
-
-*Type:*
-boolean
-
-
-
-*Default:*
-` true `
-
-
-
-
-## environment\.fortify\.apps\.\*\.capability\.pulse
-
-
-
-Whether to share the PulseAudio socket and cookie\.
-
-
-
-*Type:*
-boolean
-
-
-
-*Default:*
-` true `
-
-
-
-
-## environment\.fortify\.apps\.\*\.capability\.wayland
-
-
-
-Whether to share the Wayland socket\.
-
-
-
-*Type:*
-boolean
-
-
-
-*Default:*
-` true `
-
-
-
-
-## environment\.fortify\.apps\.\*\.capability\.x11
-
-
-
-Whether to share the X11 socket and allow connection\.
-
-
-
-*Type:*
-boolean
-
-
-
-*Default:*
-` false `
-
-
-
-
-## environment\.fortify\.apps\.\*\.command
-
-
-
-Command to run as the target user\.
-Setting this to null will default command to launcher name\.
-Has no effect when script is set\.
-
-
-
-*Type:*
-null or string
-
-
-
-*Default:*
-` null `
-
-
-
-
-## environment\.fortify\.apps\.\*\.dbus\.session
-
-
-
-D-Bus session bus custom configuration\.
-Setting this to null will enable built-in defaults\.
-
-
-
-*Type:*
-null or (function that evaluates to a(n) anything)
-
-
-
-*Default:*
-` null `
-
-
-
-
-## environment\.fortify\.apps\.\*\.dbus\.system
-
-
-
-D-Bus system bus custom configuration\.
-Setting this to null will disable the system bus proxy\.
-
-
-
-*Type:*
-null or anything
-
-
-
-*Default:*
-` null `
-
-
-
-
-## environment\.fortify\.apps\.\*\.dev
-
-
-
-Whether to enable access to all devices within the sandbox\.
-
-
-
-*Type:*
-boolean
-
-
-
-*Default:*
-` false `
-
-
-
-*Example:*
-` true `
-
-
-
-
-## environment\.fortify\.apps\.\*\.env
-
-
-
-Environment variables to set for the initial process in the sandbox\.
-
-
-
-*Type:*
-null or (attribute set of string)
-
-
-
-*Default:*
-` null `
-
-
-
-
-## environment\.fortify\.apps\.\*\.extraConfig
-
-
-
-Extra home-manager configuration\.
-
-
-
-*Type:*
-anything
-
-
-
-*Default:*
-` { } `
-
-
-
-
-## environment\.fortify\.apps\.\*\.extraPaths
-
-
-
-Extra paths to make available to the sandbox\.
-
-
-
-*Type:*
-list of anything
-
-
-
-*Default:*
-` [ ] `
-
-
-
-
-## environment\.fortify\.apps\.\*\.gpu
-
-
-
-Target process GPU and driver access\.
-Setting this to null will enable GPU whenever X or Wayland is enabled\.
-
-
-
-*Type:*
-null or boolean
-
-
-
-*Default:*
-` null `
-
-
-
-
-## environment\.fortify\.apps\.\*\.groups
-
-
-
-List of groups to inherit from the privileged user\.
-
-
-
-*Type:*
-list of string
-
-
-
-*Default:*
-` [ ] `
-
-
-
-
-## environment\.fortify\.apps\.\*\.id
-
-
-
-Freedesktop application ID\.
-
-
-
-*Type:*
-null or string
-
-
-
-*Default:*
-` null `
-
-
-
-
-## environment\.fortify\.apps\.\*\.mapRealUid
-
-
-
-Whether to enable mapping to fortify’s real UID within the sandbox\.
-
-
-
-*Type:*
-boolean
-
-
-
-*Default:*
-` false `
-
-
-
-*Example:*
-` true `
-
-
-
-
-## environment\.fortify\.apps\.\*\.name
-
-
-
-Name of the app’s launcher script\.
-
-
-
-*Type:*
-string
-
-
-
-
-## environment\.fortify\.apps\.\*\.net
-
-
-
-Whether to enable network access within the sandbox\.
-
-
-
-*Type:*
-boolean
-
-
-
-*Default:*
-` true `
-
-
-
-*Example:*
-` true `
-
-
-
-
-## environment\.fortify\.apps\.\*\.nix
-
-
-
-Whether to enable nix daemon access within the sandbox\.
-
-
-
-*Type:*
-boolean
-
-
-
-*Default:*
-` false `
-
-
-
-*Example:*
-` true `
-
-
-
-
-## environment\.fortify\.apps\.\*\.script
-
-
-
-Application launch script\.
-
-
-
-*Type:*
-null or string
-
-
-
-*Default:*
-` null `
-
-
-
-
-## environment\.fortify\.apps\.\*\.share
-
-
-
-Package containing share files\.
-Setting this to null will default package name to wrapper name\.
-
-
-
-*Type:*
-null or package
-
-
-
-*Default:*
-` null `
-
-
-
-
-## environment\.fortify\.apps\.\*\.userns
-
-
-
-Whether to enable userns within the sandbox\.
-
-
-
-*Type:*
-boolean
-
-
-
-*Default:*
-` false `
-
-
-
-*Example:*
-` true `
-
-
-
-
-## environment\.fortify\.stateDir
-
-
-
-The state directory where app home directories are stored\.
-
-
-
-*Type:*
-string
-
-
-
-
-## environment\.fortify\.users
-
-
-
-Users allowed to spawn fortify apps and their corresponding fortify fid\.
-
-
-
-*Type:*
-attribute set of integer between 0 and 99 (both inclusive)
-
-
-
--- a/options.nix
+++ b/options.nix
@ -1,214 +0,0 @@
-{ lib, pkgs, ... }:
-
-let
-  inherit (lib) types mkOption mkEnableOption;
-in
-
-{
-  options = {
-    environment.fortify = {
-      enable = mkEnableOption "fortify";
-
-      package = mkOption {
-        type = types.package;
-        default = pkgs.callPackage ./package.nix { };
-        description = "The fortify package to use.";
-      };
-
-      users = mkOption {
-        type =
-          let
-            inherit (types) attrsOf ints;
-          in
-          attrsOf (ints.between 0 99);
-        description = ''
-          Users allowed to spawn fortify apps and their corresponding fortify fid.
-        '';
-      };
-
-      apps = mkOption {
-        type =
-          let
-            inherit (types)
-              str
-              enum
-              bool
-              package
-              anything
-              submodule
-              listOf
-              attrsOf
-              nullOr
-              functionTo
-              ;
-          in
-          listOf (submodule {
-            options = {
-              name = mkOption {
-                type = str;
-                description = ''
-                  Name of the app's launcher script.
-                '';
-              };
-
-              id = mkOption {
-                type = nullOr str;
-                default = null;
-                description = ''
-                  Freedesktop application ID.
-                '';
-              };
-
-              packages = mkOption {
-                type = listOf package;
-                default = [ ];
-                description = ''
-                  List of extra packages to install via home-manager.
-                '';
-              };
-
-              extraConfig = mkOption {
-                type = anything;
-                default = { };
-                description = ''
-                  Extra home-manager configuration.
-                '';
-              };
-
-              script = mkOption {
-                type = nullOr str;
-                default = null;
-                description = ''
-                  Application launch script.
-                '';
-              };
-
-              command = mkOption {
-                type = nullOr str;
-                default = null;
-                description = ''
-                  Command to run as the target user.
-                  Setting this to null will default command to launcher name.
-                  Has no effect when script is set.
-                '';
-              };
-
-              groups = mkOption {
-                type = listOf str;
-                default = [ ];
-                description = ''
-                  List of groups to inherit from the privileged user.
-                '';
-              };
-
-              dbus = {
-                session = mkOption {
-                  type = nullOr (functionTo anything);
-                  default = null;
-                  description = ''
-                    D-Bus session bus custom configuration.
-                    Setting this to null will enable built-in defaults.
-                  '';
-                };
-
-                system = mkOption {
-                  type = nullOr anything;
-                  default = null;
-                  description = ''
-                    D-Bus system bus custom configuration.
-                    Setting this to null will disable the system bus proxy.
-                  '';
-                };
-              };
-
-              env = mkOption {
-                type = nullOr (attrsOf str);
-                default = null;
-                description = ''
-                  Environment variables to set for the initial process in the sandbox.
-                '';
-              };
-
-              nix = mkEnableOption "nix daemon access within the sandbox";
-              userns = mkEnableOption "userns within the sandbox";
-              mapRealUid = mkEnableOption "mapping to fortify's real UID within the sandbox";
-              dev = mkEnableOption "access to all devices within the sandbox";
-
-              net = mkEnableOption "network access within the sandbox" // {
-                default = true;
-              };
-
-              gpu = mkOption {
-                type = nullOr bool;
-                default = null;
-                description = ''
-                  Target process GPU and driver access.
-                  Setting this to null will enable GPU whenever X or Wayland is enabled.
-                '';
-              };
-
-              extraPaths = mkOption {
-                type = listOf anything;
-                default = [ ];
-                description = ''
-                  Extra paths to make available to the sandbox.
-                '';
-              };
-
-              capability = {
-                wayland = mkOption {
-                  type = bool;
-                  default = true;
-                  description = ''
-                    Whether to share the Wayland socket.
-                  '';
-                };
-
-                x11 = mkOption {
-                  type = bool;
-                  default = false;
-                  description = ''
-                    Whether to share the X11 socket and allow connection.
-                  '';
-                };
-
-                dbus = mkOption {
-                  type = bool;
-                  default = true;
-                  description = ''
-                    Whether to proxy D-Bus.
-                  '';
-                };
-
-                pulse = mkOption {
-                  type = bool;
-                  default = true;
-                  description = ''
-                    Whether to share the PulseAudio socket and cookie.
-                  '';
-                };
-              };
-
-              share = mkOption {
-                type = nullOr package;
-                default = null;
-                description = ''
-                  Package containing share files.
-                  Setting this to null will default package name to wrapper name.
-                '';
-              };
-            };
-          });
-        default = [ ];
-        description = "Declarative fortify apps.";
-      };
-
-      stateDir = mkOption {
-        type = types.str;
-        description = ''
-          The state directory where app home directories are stored.
-        '';
-      };
-    };
-  };
-}
--- a/package.nix
+++ b/package.nix
@ -10,7 +10,7 @@

 buildGoModule rec {
  pname = "fortify";
-  version = "0.2.1";
+  version = "0.0.11";

  src = ./.;
  vendorHash = null;
@ -29,14 +29,13 @@ buildGoModule rec {
        "-s"
        "-w"
        "-X"
-        "main.Fmain=${placeholder "out"}/libexec/fortify"
-        "-X"
-        "main.Fshim=${placeholder "out"}/libexec/fshim"
+        "main.Fmain=${placeholder "out"}/bin/.fortify-wrapped"
      ]
      {
        Version = "v${version}";
        Fsu = "/run/wrappers/bin/fsu";
-        Finit = "${placeholder "out"}/libexec/finit";
+        Fshim = "${placeholder "out"}/bin/.fshim";
+        Finit = "${placeholder "out"}/bin/.finit";
      };

  buildInputs = [
@ -47,15 +46,15 @@ buildGoModule rec {
  nativeBuildInputs = [ makeBinaryWrapper ];

  postInstall = ''
-    mkdir "$out/libexec"
-    mv "$out"/bin/* "$out/libexec/"
+    wrapProgram $out/bin/${pname} --prefix PATH : ${
+      lib.makeBinPath [
+        bubblewrap
+        xdg-dbus-proxy
+      ]
+    }

-    makeBinaryWrapper "$out/libexec/fortify" "$out/bin/fortify" \
-      --inherit-argv0 --prefix PATH : ${
-        lib.makeBinPath [
-          bubblewrap
-          xdg-dbus-proxy
-        ]
-      }
+    mv $out/bin/fsu $out/bin/.fsu
+    mv $out/bin/fshim $out/bin/.fshim
+    mv $out/bin/finit $out/bin/.finit
  '';
 }
--- a/state.go
+++ b/state.go
@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+package main
+
+import (
+	"flag"
+	"fmt"
+	"text/tabwriter"
+
+	"git.ophivana.moe/security/fortify/internal/fmsg"
+	"git.ophivana.moe/security/fortify/internal/state"
+)
+
+var (
+	stateActionEarly bool
+)
+
+func init() {
+	flag.BoolVar(&stateActionEarly, "state", false, "print state information of active launchers")
+}
+
+// tryState is called after app initialisation
+func tryState() {
+	if stateActionEarly {
+		var w *tabwriter.Writer
+		state.MustPrintLauncherStateSimpleGlobal(&w, os.Paths().RunDirPath)
+		if w != nil {
+			if err := w.Flush(); err != nil {
+				fmsg.Println("cannot format output:", err)
+			}
+		} else {
+			fmt.Println("No information available")
+		}
+
+		fmsg.Exit(0)
+	}
+}
--- a/version.go
+++ b/version.go
@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+package main
+
+import (
+	"flag"
+	"fmt"
+
+	"git.ophivana.moe/security/fortify/internal"
+)
+
+var (
+	printVersion bool
+)
+
+func init() {
+	flag.BoolVar(&printVersion, "V", false, "Print version")
+}
+
+func tryVersion() {
+	if printVersion {
+		if v, ok := internal.Check(internal.Version); ok {
+			fmt.Println(v)
+		} else {
+			fmt.Println("impure")
+		}
+		os.Exit(0)
+	}
+}