release: 0.2.1

Signed-off-by: Ophestra Umiker <cat@ophivana.moe>
fortify: use resolved username
2024-11-19 21:03:50 +09:00 · 2024-11-19 21:03:09 +09:00 · 2024-11-19 21:01:41 +09:00 · 2024-11-19 18:15:09 +09:00 · 2024-11-19 18:14:06 +09:00 · 2024-11-19 18:12:35 +09:00
36 changed files with 2142 additions and 1177 deletions
--- a/.gitea/workflows/release.yml
+++ b/.gitea/workflows/release.yml
@ -33,9 +33,9 @@ jobs:
          go build -v -ldflags '-s -w
          -X git.ophivana.moe/security/fortify/internal.Version=${{ github.ref_name }}
          -X git.ophivana.moe/security/fortify/internal.Fsu=/usr/bin/fsu
-          -X git.ophivana.moe/security/fortify/internal.Fshim=/usr/libexec/fortify/fshim
          -X git.ophivana.moe/security/fortify/internal.Finit=/usr/libexec/fortify/finit
-          -X main.Fmain=/usr/bin/fortify'
+          -X main.Fmain=/usr/bin/fortify
+          -X main.Fshim=/usr/libexec/fortify/fshim'
          -o bin/ ./... &&
          (cd bin && sha512sum --tag -b * > sha512sums)

--- a/.gitea/workflows/test.yml
+++ b/.gitea/workflows/test.yml
@ -36,8 +36,8 @@ jobs:
          go build -v -ldflags '-s -w
          -X git.ophivana.moe/security/fortify/internal.Version=${{ github.ref_name }}
          -X git.ophivana.moe/security/fortify/internal.Fsu=/usr/bin/fsu
-          -X git.ophivana.moe/security/fortify/internal.Fshim=/usr/libexec/fortify/fshim
          -X git.ophivana.moe/security/fortify/internal.Finit=/usr/libexec/fortify/finit
-          -X main.Fmain=/usr/bin/fortify'
+          -X main.Fmain=/usr/bin/fortify
+          -X main.Fshim=/usr/libexec/fortify/fshim'
          -o bin/ ./... &&
          (cd bin && sha512sum --tag -b * > sha512sums)
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@ -2,6 +2,7 @@ Fortify
 =======

 [![Go Reference](https://pkg.go.dev/badge/git.ophivana.moe/security/fortify.svg)](https://pkg.go.dev/git.ophivana.moe/security/fortify)
+[![Go Report Card](https://goreportcard.com/badge/git.ophivana.moe/security/fortify)](https://goreportcard.com/report/git.ophivana.moe/security/fortify)

 Lets you run graphical applications as another user in a confined environment with a nice NixOS
 module to configure target users and provide launchers and desktop files for your privileged user.
@ -31,7 +32,9 @@ nix run git+https://git.ophivana.moe/security/fortify -- -h

 ## Module usage

-The NixOS module currently requires home-manager and impermanence to function correctly.
+The NixOS module currently requires home-manager to function correctly.
+
+Full module documentation can be found [here](options.md).

 To use the module, import it into your configuration with

@ -68,21 +71,21 @@ This adds the `environment.fortify` option:
 {
  environment.fortify = {
    enable = true;
-    user = "nixos";
-    stateDir = "/var/lib/persist/module";
-    target = {
-      chronos = {
-        launchers = {
-          weechat.method = "sudo";
-          claws-mail.capability.pulse = false;
-
-          discord = {
-            command = "vesktop --ozone-platform-hint=wayland";
-            share = pkgs.vesktop;
+    stateDir = "/var/lib/persist/module/fortify";
+    users = {
+      alice = 0;
+      nixos = 10;
    };

-          chromium.dbus = {
-            configSystem = {
+    apps = [
+      {
+        name = "chromium";
+        id = "org.chromium.Chromium";
+        packages = [ pkgs.chromium ];
+        userns = true;
+        mapRealUid = true;
+        dbus = {
+          system = {
            filter = true;
            talk = [
              "org.bluez"
@ -90,8 +93,9 @@ This adds the `environment.fortify` option:
              "org.freedesktop.UPower"
            ];
          };
-            config = {
-              filter = true;
+          session =
+            f:
+            f {
              talk = [
                "org.freedesktop.DBus"
                "org.freedesktop.FileManager1"
@ -106,74 +110,63 @@ This adds the `environment.fortify` option:
                "org.mpris.MediaPlayer2.org.chromium.Chromium.*"
                "org.mpris.MediaPlayer2.chromium.*"
              ];
-              call = {
-                "org.freedesktop.portal.*" = "*";
-              };
-              broadcast = {
-                "org.freedesktop.portal.*" = "@/org/freedesktop/portal/*";
+              call = { };
+              broadcast = { };
            };
        };
+      }
+      {
+        name = "claws-mail";
+        id = "org.claws_mail.Claws-Mail";
+        packages = [ pkgs.claws-mail ];
+        gpu = false;
+        capability.pulse = false;
+      }
+      {
+        name = "weechat";
+        packages = [ pkgs.weechat ];
+        capability = {
+          wayland = false;
+          x11 = false;
+          dbus = true;
+          pulse = false;
        };
+      }
+      {
+        name = "discord";
+        id = "dev.vencord.Vesktop";
+        packages = [ pkgs.vesktop ];
+        share = pkgs.vesktop;
+        command = "vesktop --ozone-platform-hint=wayland";
+        userns = true;
+        mapRealUid = true;
+        capability.x11 = true;
+        dbus = {
+          session =
+            f:
+            f {
+              talk = [ "org.kde.StatusNotifierWatcher" ];
+              own = [ ];
+              call = { };
+              broadcast = { };
            };
-        packages = with pkgs; [
-          weechat
-          claws-mail
-          vesktop
-          chromium
-        ];
-        persistence.directories = [
-          ".config/weechat"
-          ".claws-mail"
-          ".config/vesktop"
+          system.filter = true;
+        };
+      }
+      {
+        name = "looking-glass-client";
+        groups = [ "plugdev" ];
+        extraPaths = [
+          {
+            src = "/dev/shm/looking-glass";
+            write = true;
+          }
        ];
        extraConfig = {
          programs.looking-glass-client.enable = true;
        };
-      };
-    };
+      }
+    ];
  };
 }
 ```
-
-* `enable` determines whether the module should be enabled or not. Useful when sharing configurations between graphical
-  and headless systems. Defaults to `false`.
-
-* `user` specifies the privileged user with access to fortified applications.
-
-* `stateDir` is the path to your persistent storage location. It is directly passed through to the impermanence module.
-
-* `target` is an attribute set of submodules, where the attribute name is the username of the unprivileged target user.
-
-  The available options are:
-
-    * `packages`, the list of packages to make available in the target user's environment.
-
-    * `persistence`, user persistence attribute set passed to impermanence.
-
-    * `extraConfig`, extra home-manager configuration for the target user.
-
-    * `launchers`, attribute set where the attribute name is the name of the launcher.
-
-      The available options are:
-
-        * `command`, the command to run as the target user. Defaults to launcher name.
-
-        * `dbus.config`, D-Bus proxy custom configuration.
-
-        * `dbus.configSystem`, D-Bus system bus custom configuration, null to disable.
-
-        * `dbus.id`, D-Bus application id, has no effect if `dbus.config` is set.
-
-        * `dbus.mpris`, whether to enable MPRIS defaults, has no effect if `dbus.config` is set.
-
-        * `capability.wayland`, whether to share the Wayland socket.
-
-        * `capability.x11`, whether to share the X11 socket and allow connection.
-
-        * `capability.dbus`, whether to proxy D-Bus.
-
-        * `capability.pulse`, whether to share the PulseAudio socket and cookie.
-
-        * `share`, package containing desktop/icon files. Defaults to launcher name.
-
-        * `method`, the launch method for the sandboxed program, can be `"fortify"`, `"fortify-sudo"`, `"sudo"`.
--- a/cmd/finit/main.go
+++ b/cmd/finit/main.go
@ -103,7 +103,7 @@ func main() {
 	if err := cmd.Start(); err != nil {
 		fmsg.Fatalf("cannot start %q: %v", payload.Argv0, err)
 	}
-	fmsg.Withhold()
+	fmsg.Suspend()

 	// close setup pipe as setup is now complete
 	if err := setup.Close(); err != nil {
--- a/cmd/fshim/ipc/shim/shim.go
+++ b/cmd/fshim/ipc/shim/shim.go
@ -5,6 +5,8 @@ import (
 	"net"
 	"os"
 	"os/exec"
+	"os/signal"
+	"strings"
 	"sync"
 	"sync/atomic"
 	"syscall"
@ -12,6 +14,7 @@ import (

 	"git.ophivana.moe/security/fortify/acl"
 	shim0 "git.ophivana.moe/security/fortify/cmd/fshim/ipc"
+	"git.ophivana.moe/security/fortify/internal"
 	"git.ophivana.moe/security/fortify/internal/fmsg"
 )

@ -24,24 +27,26 @@ type Shim struct {
 	cmd *exec.Cmd
 	// uid of shim target user
 	uid uint32
-	// whether to check shim pid
-	checkPid bool
-	// user switcher executable path
-	executable string
+	// string representation of application id
+	aid string
+	// string representation of supplementary group ids
+	supp []string
 	// path to setup socket
 	socket string
 	// shim setup abort reason and completion
 	abort     chan error
 	abortErr  atomic.Pointer[error]
 	abortOnce sync.Once
+	// fallback exit notifier with error returned killing the process
+	killFallback chan error
 	// wayland mediation, nil if disabled
 	wl *shim0.Wayland
 	// shim setup payload
 	payload *shim0.Payload
 }

-func New(executable string, uid uint32, socket string, wl *shim0.Wayland, payload *shim0.Payload, checkPid bool) *Shim {
-	return &Shim{uid: uid, executable: executable, socket: socket, wl: wl, payload: payload, checkPid: checkPid}
+func New(uid uint32, aid string, supp []string, socket string, wl *shim0.Wayland, payload *shim0.Payload) *Shim {
+	return &Shim{uid: uid, aid: aid, supp: supp, socket: socket, wl: wl, payload: payload}
 }

 func (s *Shim) String() string {
@ -68,9 +73,11 @@ func (s *Shim) AbortWait(err error) {
 	<-s.abort
 }

-type CommandBuilder func(shimEnv string) (args []string)
+func (s *Shim) WaitFallback() chan error {
+	return s.killFallback
+}

-func (s *Shim) Start(f CommandBuilder) (*time.Time, error) {
+func (s *Shim) Start() (*time.Time, error) {
 	var (
 		cf     chan *net.UnixConn
 		accept func()
@ -87,26 +94,51 @@ func (s *Shim) Start(f CommandBuilder) (*time.Time, error) {
 	}

 	// start user switcher process and save time
-	s.cmd = exec.Command(s.executable, f(shim0.Env+"="+s.socket)...)
-	s.cmd.Env = []string{}
+	var fsu string
+	if p, ok := internal.Check(internal.Fsu); !ok {
+		fmsg.Fatal("invalid fsu path, this copy of fshim is not compiled correctly")
+		panic("unreachable")
+	} else {
+		fsu = p
+	}
+	s.cmd = exec.Command(fsu)
+	s.cmd.Env = []string{
+		shim0.Env + "=" + s.socket,
+		"FORTIFY_APP_ID=" + s.aid,
+	}
+	if len(s.supp) > 0 {
+		fmsg.VPrintf("attaching supplementary group ids %s", s.supp)
+		s.cmd.Env = append(s.cmd.Env, "FORTIFY_GROUPS="+strings.Join(s.supp, " "))
+	}
 	s.cmd.Stdin, s.cmd.Stdout, s.cmd.Stderr = os.Stdin, os.Stdout, os.Stderr
 	s.cmd.Dir = "/"
-	fmsg.VPrintln("starting shim via user switcher:", s.cmd)
-	fmsg.Withhold() // withhold messages to stderr
+	fmsg.VPrintln("starting shim via fsu:", s.cmd)
+	fmsg.Suspend() // withhold messages to stderr
 	if err := s.cmd.Start(); err != nil {
 		return nil, fmsg.WrapErrorSuffix(err,
-			"cannot start user switcher:")
+			"cannot start fsu:")
 	}
 	startTime := time.Now().UTC()

 	// kill shim if something goes wrong and an error is returned
+	s.killFallback = make(chan error, 1)
 	killShim := func() {
 		if err := s.cmd.Process.Signal(os.Interrupt); err != nil {
-			fmsg.Println("cannot terminate shim on faulted setup:", err)
+			s.killFallback <- err
 		}
 	}
 	defer func() { killShim() }()

+	// take alternative exit path on signal
+	sig := make(chan os.Signal, 2)
+	signal.Notify(sig, syscall.SIGINT, syscall.SIGTERM)
+	go func() {
+		v := <-sig
+		fmsg.Printf("got %s after program start", v)
+		s.killFallback <- nil
+		signal.Ignore(syscall.SIGINT, syscall.SIGTERM)
+	}()
+
 	accept()
 	var conn *net.UnixConn
 	select {
@ -132,7 +164,7 @@ func (s *Shim) Start(f CommandBuilder) (*time.Time, error) {
 		err = errors.New("compromised fortify build")
 		s.Abort(err)
 		return &startTime, err
-	} else if s.checkPid && cred.Pid != int32(s.cmd.Process.Pid) {
+	} else if cred.Pid != int32(s.cmd.Process.Pid) {
 		fmsg.Printf("process %d tried to connect to shim setup socket, expecting shim %d",
 			cred.Pid, s.cmd.Process.Pid)
 		err = errors.New("compromised target user")
--- a/cmd/fshim/main.go
+++ b/cmd/fshim/main.go
@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ func main() {
 	// dial setup socket
 	var conn *net.UnixConn
 	if c, err := net.DialUnix("unix", nil, &net.UnixAddr{Name: socketPath, Net: "unix"}); err != nil {
-		fmsg.Fatal("cannot dial setup socket:", err)
+		fmsg.Fatal(err.Error())
 		panic("unreachable")
 	} else {
 		conn = c
@ -67,7 +67,7 @@ func main() {
 	// decode payload gob stream
 	var payload shim.Payload
 	if err := gob.NewDecoder(conn).Decode(&payload); err != nil {
-		fmsg.Fatal("cannot decode shim payload:", err)
+		fmsg.Fatalf("cannot decode shim payload: %v", err)
 	} else {
 		fmsg.SetVerbose(payload.Verbose)
 	}
@ -80,7 +80,7 @@ func main() {
 	wfd := -1
 	if payload.WL {
 		if fd, err := receiveWLfd(conn); err != nil {
-			fmsg.Fatal("cannot receive wayland fd:", err)
+			fmsg.Fatalf("cannot receive wayland fd: %v", err)
 		} else {
 			wfd = fd
 		}
@ -102,7 +102,10 @@ func main() {
 	} else {
 		// no argv, look up shell instead
 		var ok bool
-		if ic.Argv0, ok = os.LookupEnv("SHELL"); !ok {
+		if payload.Bwrap.SetEnv == nil {
+			fmsg.Fatal("no command was specified and environment is unset")
+		}
+		if ic.Argv0, ok = payload.Bwrap.SetEnv["SHELL"]; !ok {
 			fmsg.Fatal("no command was specified and $SHELL was unset")
 		}

@ -125,7 +128,7 @@ func main() {

 	// share config pipe
 	if r, w, err := os.Pipe(); err != nil {
-		fmsg.Fatal("cannot pipe:", err)
+		fmsg.Fatalf("cannot pipe: %v", err)
 	} else {
 		conf.SetEnv[init0.Env] = strconv.Itoa(3 + len(extraFiles))
 		extraFiles = append(extraFiles, r)
@ -134,7 +137,7 @@ func main() {
 		go func() {
 			// stream config to pipe
 			if err = gob.NewEncoder(w).Encode(&ic); err != nil {
-				fmsg.Fatal("cannot transmit init config:", err)
+				fmsg.Fatalf("cannot transmit init config: %v", err)
 			}
 		}()
 	}
@ -142,7 +145,7 @@ func main() {
 	helper.BubblewrapName = payload.Exec[0] // resolved bwrap path by parent
 	if b, err := helper.NewBwrap(conf, nil, finitPath,
 		func(int, int) []string { return make([]string, 0) }); err != nil {
-		fmsg.Fatal("malformed sandbox config:", err)
+		fmsg.Fatalf("malformed sandbox config: %v", err)
 	} else {
 		cmd := b.Unwrap()
 		cmd.Stdin, cmd.Stdout, cmd.Stderr = os.Stdin, os.Stdout, os.Stderr
@ -154,7 +157,7 @@ func main() {

 		// run and pass through exit code
 		if err = b.Start(); err != nil {
-			fmsg.Fatal("cannot start target process:", err)
+			fmsg.Fatalf("cannot start target process: %v", err)
 		} else if err = b.Wait(); err != nil {
 			fmsg.VPrintln("wait:", err)
 		}
--- a/cmd/fsu/main.go
+++ b/cmd/fsu/main.go
@ -1,10 +1,12 @@
 package main

 import (
-	"bufio"
+	"bytes"
+	"fmt"
 	"log"
 	"os"
 	"path"
+	"slices"
 	"strconv"
 	"strings"
 	"syscall"
@ -15,9 +17,15 @@ const (
 	fsuConfFile = "/etc/fsurc"
 	envShim     = "FORTIFY_SHIM"
 	envAID      = "FORTIFY_APP_ID"
+	envGroups   = "FORTIFY_GROUPS"
+
+	PR_SET_NO_NEW_PRIVS = 0x26
 )

-var Fmain = compPoison
+var (
+	Fmain = compPoison
+	Fshim = compPoison
+)

 func main() {
 	log.SetFlags(0)
@ -33,12 +41,17 @@ func main() {
 		log.Fatal("this program must not be started by root")
 	}

-	var fmain string
+	var fmain, fshim string
 	if p, ok := checkPath(Fmain); !ok {
 		log.Fatal("invalid fortify path, this copy of fsu is not compiled correctly")
 	} else {
 		fmain = p
 	}
+	if p, ok := checkPath(Fshim); !ok {
+		log.Fatal("invalid fshim path, this copy of fsu is not compiled correctly")
+	} else {
+		fshim = p
+	}

 	pexe := path.Join("/proc", strconv.Itoa(os.Getppid()), "exe")
 	if p, err := os.Readlink(pexe); err != nil {
@ -61,84 +74,76 @@ func main() {
 		uid += fid * 10000
 	}

+	// allowed aid range 0 to 9999
+	if as, ok := os.LookupEnv(envAID); !ok {
+		log.Fatal("FORTIFY_APP_ID not set")
+	} else if aid, err := parseUint32Fast(as); err != nil || aid < 0 || aid > 9999 {
+		log.Fatal("invalid aid")
+	} else {
+		uid += aid
+	}
+
 	// pass through setup path to shim
 	var shimSetupPath string
 	if s, ok := os.LookupEnv(envShim); !ok {
-		log.Fatal("FORTIFY_SHIM not set")
+		// fortify requests target uid
+		// print resolved uid and exit
+		fmt.Print(uid)
+		os.Exit(0)
 	} else if !path.IsAbs(s) {
 		log.Fatal("FORTIFY_SHIM is not absolute")
 	} else {
 		shimSetupPath = s
 	}

-	// allowed aid range 0 to 9999
-	if as, ok := os.LookupEnv(envAID); !ok {
-		log.Fatal("FORTIFY_APP_ID not set")
-	} else if aid, err := strconv.Atoi(as); err != nil || aid < 0 || aid > 9999 {
-		log.Fatal("invalid aid")
+	// supplementary groups
+	var suppGroups, suppCurrent []int
+
+	if gs, ok := os.LookupEnv(envGroups); ok {
+		if cur, err := os.Getgroups(); err != nil {
+			log.Fatalf("cannot get groups: %v", err)
 		} else {
-		uid += aid
+			suppCurrent = cur
 		}

+		// parse space-separated list of group ids
+		gss := bytes.Split([]byte(gs), []byte{' '})
+		suppGroups = make([]int, len(gss)+1)
+		for i, s := range gss {
+			if gid, err := strconv.Atoi(string(s)); err != nil {
+				log.Fatalf("cannot parse %q: %v", string(s), err)
+			} else if gid > 0 && gid != uid && gid != os.Getgid() && slices.Contains(suppCurrent, gid) {
+				suppGroups[i] = gid
+			} else {
+				log.Fatalf("invalid gid %d", gid)
+			}
+		}
+		suppGroups[len(suppGroups)-1] = uid
+	} else {
+		suppGroups = []int{uid}
+	}
+
+	// careful! users in the allowlist is effectively allowed to drop groups via fsu
+
 	if err := syscall.Setresgid(uid, uid, uid); err != nil {
 		log.Fatalf("cannot set gid: %v", err)
 	}
+	if err := syscall.Setgroups(suppGroups); err != nil {
+		log.Fatalf("cannot set supplementary groups: %v", err)
+	}
 	if err := syscall.Setresuid(uid, uid, uid); err != nil {
 		log.Fatalf("cannot set uid: %v", err)
 	}
-	if err := syscall.Exec(fmain, []string{"fortify", "shim"}, []string{envShim + "=" + shimSetupPath}); err != nil {
+	if _, _, errno := syscall.AllThreadsSyscall(syscall.SYS_PRCTL, PR_SET_NO_NEW_PRIVS, 1, 0); errno != 0 {
+		log.Fatalf("cannot set no_new_privs flag: %s", errno.Error())
+	}
+	if err := syscall.Exec(fshim, []string{"fshim"}, []string{envShim + "=" + shimSetupPath}); err != nil {
 		log.Fatalf("cannot start shim: %v", err)
 	}

 	panic("unreachable")
 }

-func parseConfig(p string, puid int) (fid int, ok bool) {
-	// refuse to run if fsurc is not protected correctly
-	if s, err := os.Stat(p); err != nil {
-		log.Fatal(err)
-	} else if s.Mode().Perm() != 0400 {
-		log.Fatal("bad fsurc perm")
-	} else if st := s.Sys().(*syscall.Stat_t); st.Uid != 0 || st.Gid != 0 {
-		log.Fatal("fsurc must be owned by uid 0")
-	}
-
-	if r, err := os.Open(p); err != nil {
-		log.Fatal(err)
-		return -1, false
-	} else {
-		s := bufio.NewScanner(r)
-		var line int
-		for s.Scan() {
-			line++
-
-			// <puid> <fid>
-			lf := strings.SplitN(s.Text(), " ", 2)
-			if len(lf) != 2 {
-				log.Fatalf("invalid entry on line %d", line)
-			}
-
-			var puid0 int
-			if puid0, err = strconv.Atoi(lf[0]); err != nil || puid0 < 1 {
-				log.Fatalf("invalid parent uid on line %d", line)
-			}
-
-			ok = puid0 == puid
-			if ok {
-				// allowed fid range 0 to 99
-				if fid, err = strconv.Atoi(lf[1]); err != nil || fid < 0 || fid > 99 {
-					log.Fatalf("invalid fortify uid on line %d", line)
-				}
-				return
-			}
-		}
-		if err = s.Err(); err != nil {
-			log.Fatalf("cannot read fsurc: %v", err)
-		}
-		return -1, false
-	}
-}
-
 func checkPath(p string) (string, bool) {
 	return p, p != compPoison && p != "" && path.IsAbs(p)
 }
--- a/cmd/fsu/parse.go
+++ b/cmd/fsu/parse.go
@ -0,0 +1,77 @@
+package main
+
+import (
+	"bufio"
+	"errors"
+	"fmt"
+	"log"
+	"os"
+	"strings"
+	"syscall"
+)
+
+func parseUint32Fast(s string) (int, error) {
+	sLen := len(s)
+	if sLen < 1 {
+		return -1, errors.New("zero length string")
+	}
+	if sLen > 10 {
+		return -1, errors.New("string too long")
+	}
+
+	n := 0
+	for i, ch := range []byte(s) {
+		ch -= '0'
+		if ch > 9 {
+			return -1, fmt.Errorf("invalid character '%s' at index %d", string([]byte{ch}), i)
+		}
+		n = n*10 + int(ch)
+	}
+	return n, nil
+}
+
+func parseConfig(p string, puid int) (fid int, ok bool) {
+	// refuse to run if fsurc is not protected correctly
+	if s, err := os.Stat(p); err != nil {
+		log.Fatal(err)
+	} else if s.Mode().Perm() != 0400 {
+		log.Fatal("bad fsurc perm")
+	} else if st := s.Sys().(*syscall.Stat_t); st.Uid != 0 || st.Gid != 0 {
+		log.Fatal("fsurc must be owned by uid 0")
+	}
+
+	if r, err := os.Open(p); err != nil {
+		log.Fatal(err)
+		return -1, false
+	} else {
+		s := bufio.NewScanner(r)
+		var line int
+		for s.Scan() {
+			line++
+
+			// <puid> <fid>
+			lf := strings.SplitN(s.Text(), " ", 2)
+			if len(lf) != 2 {
+				log.Fatalf("invalid entry on line %d", line)
+			}
+
+			var puid0 int
+			if puid0, err = parseUint32Fast(lf[0]); err != nil || puid0 < 1 {
+				log.Fatalf("invalid parent uid on line %d", line)
+			}
+
+			ok = puid0 == puid
+			if ok {
+				// allowed fid range 0 to 99
+				if fid, err = parseUint32Fast(lf[1]); err != nil || fid < 0 || fid > 99 {
+					log.Fatalf("invalid fortify uid on line %d", line)
+				}
+				return
+			}
+		}
+		if err = s.Err(); err != nil {
+			log.Fatalf("cannot read fsurc: %v", err)
+		}
+		return -1, false
+	}
+}
--- a/cmd/fuserdb/main.go
+++ b/cmd/fuserdb/main.go
@ -0,0 +1,69 @@
+package main
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"errors"
+	"flag"
+	"fmt"
+	"os"
+	"path"
+	"strconv"
+
+	"git.ophivana.moe/security/fortify/internal/fmsg"
+)
+
+func main() {
+	fmsg.SetPrefix("fuserdb")
+
+	const varEmpty = "/var/empty"
+
+	out := flag.String("o", "userdb", "output directory")
+	homeDir := flag.String("d", varEmpty, "parent of home directories")
+	shell := flag.String("s", "/sbin/nologin", "absolute path to subordinate user shell")
+	flag.Parse()
+
+	type user struct {
+		name string
+		fid  int
+	}
+
+	users := make([]user, len(flag.Args()))
+	for i, s := range flag.Args() {
+		f := bytes.SplitN([]byte(s), []byte{':'}, 2)
+		if len(f) != 2 {
+			fmsg.Fatalf("invalid entry at index %d", i)
+		}
+		users[i].name = string(f[0])
+		if fid, err := strconv.Atoi(string(f[1])); err != nil {
+			fmsg.Fatal(err.Error())
+		} else {
+			users[i].fid = fid
+		}
+	}
+
+	if err := os.MkdirAll(*out, 0755); err != nil && !errors.Is(err, os.ErrExist) {
+		fmsg.Fatalf("cannot create output: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	for _, u := range users {
+		fidString := strconv.Itoa(u.fid)
+		for aid := 0; aid < 10000; aid++ {
+			userName := fmt.Sprintf("u%d_a%d", u.fid, aid)
+			uid := 1000000 + u.fid*10000 + aid
+			us := strconv.Itoa(uid)
+			realName := fmt.Sprintf("Fortify subordinate user %d (%s)", aid, u.name)
+			var homeDirectory string
+			if *homeDir != varEmpty {
+				homeDirectory = path.Join(*homeDir, fidString, strconv.Itoa(aid))
+			} else {
+				homeDirectory = varEmpty
+			}
+
+			writeUser(userName, uid, us, realName, homeDirectory, *shell, *out)
+			writeGroup(userName, uid, us, nil, *out)
+		}
+	}
+
+	fmsg.Printf("created %d entries", len(users)*2*10000)
+	fmsg.Exit(0)
+}
--- a/cmd/fuserdb/payload.go
+++ b/cmd/fuserdb/payload.go
@ -0,0 +1,64 @@
+package main
+
+import (
+	"encoding/json"
+	"os"
+	"path"
+
+	"git.ophivana.moe/security/fortify/internal/fmsg"
+)
+
+type payloadU struct {
+	UserName      string   `json:"userName"`
+	Uid           int      `json:"uid"`
+	Gid           int      `json:"gid"`
+	MemberOf      []string `json:"memberOf,omitempty"`
+	RealName      string   `json:"realName"`
+	HomeDirectory string   `json:"homeDirectory"`
+	Shell         string   `json:"shell"`
+}
+
+func writeUser(userName string, uid int, us string, realName, homeDirectory, shell string, out string) {
+	userFileName := userName + ".user"
+	if f, err := os.OpenFile(path.Join(out, userFileName), os.O_WRONLY|os.O_CREATE|os.O_TRUNC, 0644); err != nil {
+		fmsg.Fatalf("cannot create %s: %v", userName, err)
+	} else if err = json.NewEncoder(f).Encode(&payloadU{
+		UserName:      userName,
+		Uid:           uid,
+		Gid:           uid,
+		RealName:      realName,
+		HomeDirectory: homeDirectory,
+		Shell:         shell,
+	}); err != nil {
+		fmsg.Fatalf("cannot serialise %s: %v", userName, err)
+	} else if err = f.Close(); err != nil {
+		fmsg.Printf("cannot close %s: %v", userName, err)
+	}
+	if err := os.Symlink(userFileName, path.Join(out, us+".user")); err != nil {
+		fmsg.Fatalf("cannot link %s: %v", userName, err)
+	}
+}
+
+type payloadG struct {
+	GroupName string   `json:"groupName"`
+	Gid       int      `json:"gid"`
+	Members   []string `json:"members,omitempty"`
+}
+
+func writeGroup(groupName string, gid int, gs string, members []string, out string) {
+	groupFileName := groupName + ".group"
+	if f, err := os.OpenFile(path.Join(out, groupFileName), os.O_WRONLY|os.O_CREATE|os.O_TRUNC, 0644); err != nil {
+		fmsg.Fatalf("cannot create %s: %v", groupName, err)
+	} else if err = json.NewEncoder(f).Encode(&payloadG{
+		GroupName: groupName,
+		Gid:       gid,
+		Members:   members,
+	}); err != nil {
+		fmsg.Fatalf("cannot serialise %s: %v", groupName, err)
+	} else if err = f.Close(); err != nil {
+		fmsg.Printf("cannot close %s: %v", groupName, err)
+	}
+	if err := os.Symlink(groupFileName, path.Join(out, gs+".group")); err != nil {
+		fmsg.Fatalf("cannot link %s: %v", groupName, err)
+	}
+}
--- a/config.go
+++ b/config.go
@ -1,135 +0,0 @@
-package main
-
-import (
-	"encoding/json"
-	"flag"
-	"fmt"
-
-	"git.ophivana.moe/security/fortify/dbus"
-	"git.ophivana.moe/security/fortify/internal/app"
-	"git.ophivana.moe/security/fortify/internal/fmsg"
-	"git.ophivana.moe/security/fortify/internal/system"
-)
-
-var (
-	printTemplate bool
-
-	confPath string
-
-	dbusConfigSession string
-	dbusConfigSystem  string
-	dbusID            string
-	mpris             bool
-	dbusVerbose       bool
-
-	userName    string
-	enablements [system.ELen]bool
-
-	launchMethodText string
-)
-
-func init() {
-	flag.BoolVar(&printTemplate, "template", false, "Print a full config template and exit")
-
-	// config file, disables every other flag here
-	flag.StringVar(&confPath, "c", "nil", "Path to full app configuration, or \"nil\" to configure from flags")
-
-	flag.StringVar(&dbusConfigSession, "dbus-config", "builtin", "Path to D-Bus proxy config file, or \"builtin\" for defaults")
-	flag.StringVar(&dbusConfigSystem, "dbus-system", "nil", "Path to system D-Bus proxy config file, or \"nil\" to disable")
-	flag.StringVar(&dbusID, "dbus-id", "", "D-Bus ID of application, leave empty to disable own paths, has no effect if custom config is available")
-	flag.BoolVar(&mpris, "mpris", false, "Allow owning MPRIS D-Bus path, has no effect if custom config is available")
-	flag.BoolVar(&dbusVerbose, "dbus-log", false, "Force logging in the D-Bus proxy")
-
-	flag.StringVar(&userName, "u", "chronos", "Passwd name of user to run as")
-	flag.BoolVar(&enablements[system.EWayland], "wayland", false, "Share Wayland socket")
-	flag.BoolVar(&enablements[system.EX11], "X", false, "Share X11 socket and allow connection")
-	flag.BoolVar(&enablements[system.EDBus], "dbus", false, "Proxy D-Bus connection")
-	flag.BoolVar(&enablements[system.EPulse], "pulse", false, "Share PulseAudio socket and cookie")
-}
-
-func init() {
-	methodHelpString := "Method of launching the child process, can be one of \"sudo\""
-	if os.SdBooted() {
-		methodHelpString += ", \"systemd\""
-	}
-
-	flag.StringVar(&launchMethodText, "method", "sudo", methodHelpString)
-}
-
-func tryTemplate() {
-	if printTemplate {
-		if s, err := json.MarshalIndent(app.Template(), "", "  "); err != nil {
-			fmsg.Fatalf("cannot generate template: %v", err)
-			panic("unreachable")
-		} else {
-			fmt.Println(string(s))
-		}
-		fmsg.Exit(0)
-	}
-}
-
-func loadConfig() *app.Config {
-	if confPath == "nil" {
-		// config from flags
-		return configFromFlags()
-	} else {
-		// config from file
-		c := new(app.Config)
-		if f, err := os.Open(confPath); err != nil {
-			fmsg.Fatalf("cannot access config file %q: %s", confPath, err)
-			panic("unreachable")
-		} else if err = json.NewDecoder(f).Decode(&c); err != nil {
-			fmsg.Fatalf("cannot parse config file %q: %s", confPath, err)
-			panic("unreachable")
-		} else {
-			return c
-		}
-	}
-}
-
-func configFromFlags() (config *app.Config) {
-	// initialise config from flags
-	config = &app.Config{
-		ID:      dbusID,
-		User:    userName,
-		Command: flag.Args(),
-		Method:  launchMethodText,
-	}
-
-	// enablements from flags
-	for i := system.Enablement(0); i < system.Enablement(system.ELen); i++ {
-		if enablements[i] {
-			config.Confinement.Enablements.Set(i)
-		}
-	}
-
-	// parse D-Bus config file from flags if applicable
-	if enablements[system.EDBus] {
-		if dbusConfigSession == "builtin" {
-			config.Confinement.SessionBus = dbus.NewConfig(dbusID, true, mpris)
-		} else {
-			if c, err := dbus.NewConfigFromFile(dbusConfigSession); err != nil {
-				fmsg.Fatalf("cannot load session bus proxy config from %q: %s", dbusConfigSession, err)
-			} else {
-				config.Confinement.SessionBus = c
-			}
-		}
-
-		// system bus proxy is optional
-		if dbusConfigSystem != "nil" {
-			if c, err := dbus.NewConfigFromFile(dbusConfigSystem); err != nil {
-				fmsg.Fatalf("cannot load system bus proxy config from %q: %s", dbusConfigSystem, err)
-			} else {
-				config.Confinement.SystemBus = c
-			}
-		}
-
-		// override log from configuration
-		if dbusVerbose {
-			config.Confinement.SessionBus.Log = true
-			config.Confinement.SystemBus.Log = true
-		}
-	}
-
-	return
-}
--- a/flake.nix
+++ b/flake.nix
@ -42,6 +42,33 @@
            with nixpkgsFor.${system};
            self.packages.${system}.fortify.buildInputs ++ [ self.packages.${system}.fortify ];
        };
+
+        generateDoc =
+          let
+            pkgs = nixpkgsFor.${system};
+            inherit (pkgs) lib;
+
+            doc =
+              let
+                eval = lib.evalModules {
+                  specialArgs = {
+                    inherit pkgs;
+                  };
+                  modules = [ ./options.nix ];
+                };
+                cleanEval = lib.filterAttrsRecursive (n: v: n != "_module") eval;
+              in
+              pkgs.nixosOptionsDoc { inherit (cleanEval) options; };
+            docText = pkgs.runCommand "fortify-module-docs.md" { } ''
+              cat ${doc.optionsCommonMark} > $out
+              sed -i '/*Declared by:*/,+1 d' $out
+            '';
+          in
+          nixpkgsFor.${system}.mkShell {
+            shellHook = ''
+              exec cat ${docText} > options.md
+            '';
+          };
      });
    };
 }
--- a/internal/app/app.go
+++ b/internal/app/app.go
@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ func (a *app) String() string {
 	}

 	if a.seal != nil {
-		return "(sealed fortified app as uid " + a.seal.sys.user.Uid + ")"
+		return "(sealed fortified app as uid " + a.seal.sys.user.us + ")"
 	}

 	return "(unsealed fortified app)"
--- a/internal/app/app_nixos_test.go
+++ b/internal/app/app_nixos_test.go
@ -2,6 +2,7 @@ package app_test

 import (
 	"fmt"
+	"io"
 	"io/fs"
 	"os/user"
 	"strconv"
@ -18,9 +19,12 @@ var testCasesNixos = []sealTestCase{
 	{
 		"nixos permissive defaults no enablements", new(stubNixOS),
 		&app.Config{
-			User:    "chronos",
 			Command: make([]string, 0),
-			Method:  "sudo",
+			Confinement: app.ConfinementConfig{
+				AppID:    0,
+				Username: "chronos",
+				Outer:    "/home/chronos",
+			},
 		},
 		app.ID{
 			0x4a, 0x45, 0x0b, 0x65,
@ -28,11 +32,11 @@ var testCasesNixos = []sealTestCase{
 			0xbd, 0x01, 0x78, 0x0e,
 			0xb9, 0xa6, 0x07, 0xac,
 		},
-		system.New(150).
-			Ensure("/tmp/fortify.1971", 0701).
-			Ephemeral(system.Process, "/tmp/fortify.1971/4a450b6596d7bc15bd01780eb9a607ac", 0701).
+		system.New(1000000).
+			Ensure("/tmp/fortify.1971", 0711).
+			Ephemeral(system.Process, "/tmp/fortify.1971/4a450b6596d7bc15bd01780eb9a607ac", 0711).
 			Ensure("/tmp/fortify.1971/tmpdir", 0700).UpdatePermType(system.User, "/tmp/fortify.1971/tmpdir", acl.Execute).
-			Ensure("/tmp/fortify.1971/tmpdir/150", 01700).UpdatePermType(system.User, "/tmp/fortify.1971/tmpdir/150", acl.Read, acl.Write, acl.Execute).
+			Ensure("/tmp/fortify.1971/tmpdir/0", 01700).UpdatePermType(system.User, "/tmp/fortify.1971/tmpdir/0", acl.Read, acl.Write, acl.Execute).
 			Ensure("/run/user/1971/fortify", 0700).UpdatePermType(system.User, "/run/user/1971/fortify", acl.Execute).
 			Ensure("/run/user/1971", 0700).UpdatePermType(system.User, "/run/user/1971", acl.Execute). // this is ordered as is because the previous Ensure only calls mkdir if XDG_RUNTIME_DIR is unset
 			Ephemeral(system.Process, "/run/user/1971/fortify/4a450b6596d7bc15bd01780eb9a607ac", 0700).UpdatePermType(system.Process, "/run/user/1971/fortify/4a450b6596d7bc15bd01780eb9a607ac", acl.Execute).
@ -42,6 +46,7 @@ var testCasesNixos = []sealTestCase{
 			Net:      true,
 			UserNS:   true,
 			Clearenv: true,
+			Chdir:    "/home/chronos",
 			SetEnv: map[string]string{
 				"HOME":              "/home/chronos",
 				"SHELL":             "/run/current-system/sw/bin/zsh",
@ -54,11 +59,11 @@ var testCasesNixos = []sealTestCase{
 			DieWithParent: true,
 			AsInit:        true,
 		}).SetUID(65534).SetGID(65534).
-			Procfs("/proc").DevTmpfs("/dev").Mqueue("/dev/mqueue").
-			Tmpfs("/dev/fortify", 4096).
+			Procfs("/proc").
+			Tmpfs("/fortify", 4096).
+			DevTmpfs("/dev").Mqueue("/dev/mqueue").
 			Bind("/bin", "/bin", false, true).
 			Bind("/boot", "/boot", false, true).
-			Bind("/etc", "/dev/fortify/etc").
 			Bind("/home", "/home", false, true).
 			Bind("/lib", "/lib", false, true).
 			Bind("/lib64", "/lib64", false, true).
@ -102,88 +107,90 @@ var testCasesNixos = []sealTestCase{
 			Bind("/run/wrappers", "/run/wrappers", false, true).
 			Bind("/run/zed.pid", "/run/zed.pid", false, true).
 			Bind("/run/zed.state", "/run/zed.state", false, true).
-			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/alsa", "/etc/alsa").
-			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/bashrc", "/etc/bashrc").
-			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/binfmt.d", "/etc/binfmt.d").
-			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/dbus-1", "/etc/dbus-1").
-			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/default", "/etc/default").
-			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/ethertypes", "/etc/ethertypes").
-			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/fonts", "/etc/fonts").
-			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/fstab", "/etc/fstab").
-			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/fuse.conf", "/etc/fuse.conf").
-			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/host.conf", "/etc/host.conf").
-			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/hostid", "/etc/hostid").
-			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/hostname", "/etc/hostname").
-			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/hostname.CHECKSUM", "/etc/hostname.CHECKSUM").
-			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/hosts", "/etc/hosts").
-			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/inputrc", "/etc/inputrc").
-			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/ipsec.d", "/etc/ipsec.d").
-			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/issue", "/etc/issue").
-			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/kbd", "/etc/kbd").
-			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/libblockdev", "/etc/libblockdev").
-			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/locale.conf", "/etc/locale.conf").
-			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/localtime", "/etc/localtime").
-			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/login.defs", "/etc/login.defs").
-			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/lsb-release", "/etc/lsb-release").
-			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/lvm", "/etc/lvm").
-			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/machine-id", "/etc/machine-id").
-			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/man_db.conf", "/etc/man_db.conf").
-			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/modprobe.d", "/etc/modprobe.d").
-			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/modules-load.d", "/etc/modules-load.d").
+			Bind("/etc", "/fortify/etc").
+			Symlink("/fortify/etc/alsa", "/etc/alsa").
+			Symlink("/fortify/etc/bashrc", "/etc/bashrc").
+			Symlink("/fortify/etc/binfmt.d", "/etc/binfmt.d").
+			Symlink("/fortify/etc/dbus-1", "/etc/dbus-1").
+			Symlink("/fortify/etc/default", "/etc/default").
+			Symlink("/fortify/etc/ethertypes", "/etc/ethertypes").
+			Symlink("/fortify/etc/fonts", "/etc/fonts").
+			Symlink("/fortify/etc/fstab", "/etc/fstab").
+			Symlink("/fortify/etc/fuse.conf", "/etc/fuse.conf").
+			Symlink("/fortify/etc/host.conf", "/etc/host.conf").
+			Symlink("/fortify/etc/hostid", "/etc/hostid").
+			Symlink("/fortify/etc/hostname", "/etc/hostname").
+			Symlink("/fortify/etc/hostname.CHECKSUM", "/etc/hostname.CHECKSUM").
+			Symlink("/fortify/etc/hosts", "/etc/hosts").
+			Symlink("/fortify/etc/inputrc", "/etc/inputrc").
+			Symlink("/fortify/etc/ipsec.d", "/etc/ipsec.d").
+			Symlink("/fortify/etc/issue", "/etc/issue").
+			Symlink("/fortify/etc/kbd", "/etc/kbd").
+			Symlink("/fortify/etc/libblockdev", "/etc/libblockdev").
+			Symlink("/fortify/etc/locale.conf", "/etc/locale.conf").
+			Symlink("/fortify/etc/localtime", "/etc/localtime").
+			Symlink("/fortify/etc/login.defs", "/etc/login.defs").
+			Symlink("/fortify/etc/lsb-release", "/etc/lsb-release").
+			Symlink("/fortify/etc/lvm", "/etc/lvm").
+			Symlink("/fortify/etc/machine-id", "/etc/machine-id").
+			Symlink("/fortify/etc/man_db.conf", "/etc/man_db.conf").
+			Symlink("/fortify/etc/modprobe.d", "/etc/modprobe.d").
+			Symlink("/fortify/etc/modules-load.d", "/etc/modules-load.d").
 			Symlink("/proc/mounts", "/etc/mtab").
-			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/nanorc", "/etc/nanorc").
-			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/netgroup", "/etc/netgroup").
-			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/NetworkManager", "/etc/NetworkManager").
-			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/nix", "/etc/nix").
-			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/nixos", "/etc/nixos").
-			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/NIXOS", "/etc/NIXOS").
-			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/nscd.conf", "/etc/nscd.conf").
-			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/nsswitch.conf", "/etc/nsswitch.conf").
-			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/opensnitchd", "/etc/opensnitchd").
-			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/os-release", "/etc/os-release").
-			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/pam", "/etc/pam").
-			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/pam.d", "/etc/pam.d").
-			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/pipewire", "/etc/pipewire").
-			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/pki", "/etc/pki").
-			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/polkit-1", "/etc/polkit-1").
-			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/profile", "/etc/profile").
-			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/protocols", "/etc/protocols").
-			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/qemu", "/etc/qemu").
-			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/resolv.conf", "/etc/resolv.conf").
-			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/resolvconf.conf", "/etc/resolvconf.conf").
-			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/rpc", "/etc/rpc").
-			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/samba", "/etc/samba").
-			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/sddm.conf", "/etc/sddm.conf").
-			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/secureboot", "/etc/secureboot").
-			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/services", "/etc/services").
-			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/set-environment", "/etc/set-environment").
-			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/shadow", "/etc/shadow").
-			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/shells", "/etc/shells").
-			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/ssh", "/etc/ssh").
-			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/ssl", "/etc/ssl").
-			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/static", "/etc/static").
-			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/subgid", "/etc/subgid").
-			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/subuid", "/etc/subuid").
-			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/sudoers", "/etc/sudoers").
-			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/sysctl.d", "/etc/sysctl.d").
-			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/systemd", "/etc/systemd").
-			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/terminfo", "/etc/terminfo").
-			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/tmpfiles.d", "/etc/tmpfiles.d").
-			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/udev", "/etc/udev").
-			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/udisks2", "/etc/udisks2").
-			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/UPower", "/etc/UPower").
-			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/vconsole.conf", "/etc/vconsole.conf").
-			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/X11", "/etc/X11").
-			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/zfs", "/etc/zfs").
-			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/zinputrc", "/etc/zinputrc").
-			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/zoneinfo", "/etc/zoneinfo").
-			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/zprofile", "/etc/zprofile").
-			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/zshenv", "/etc/zshenv").
-			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/zshrc", "/etc/zshrc").
-			Bind("/tmp/fortify.1971/tmpdir/150", "/tmp", false, true).
+			Symlink("/fortify/etc/nanorc", "/etc/nanorc").
+			Symlink("/fortify/etc/netgroup", "/etc/netgroup").
+			Symlink("/fortify/etc/NetworkManager", "/etc/NetworkManager").
+			Symlink("/fortify/etc/nix", "/etc/nix").
+			Symlink("/fortify/etc/nixos", "/etc/nixos").
+			Symlink("/fortify/etc/NIXOS", "/etc/NIXOS").
+			Symlink("/fortify/etc/nscd.conf", "/etc/nscd.conf").
+			Symlink("/fortify/etc/nsswitch.conf", "/etc/nsswitch.conf").
+			Symlink("/fortify/etc/opensnitchd", "/etc/opensnitchd").
+			Symlink("/fortify/etc/os-release", "/etc/os-release").
+			Symlink("/fortify/etc/pam", "/etc/pam").
+			Symlink("/fortify/etc/pam.d", "/etc/pam.d").
+			Symlink("/fortify/etc/pipewire", "/etc/pipewire").
+			Symlink("/fortify/etc/pki", "/etc/pki").
+			Symlink("/fortify/etc/polkit-1", "/etc/polkit-1").
+			Symlink("/fortify/etc/profile", "/etc/profile").
+			Symlink("/fortify/etc/protocols", "/etc/protocols").
+			Symlink("/fortify/etc/qemu", "/etc/qemu").
+			Symlink("/fortify/etc/resolv.conf", "/etc/resolv.conf").
+			Symlink("/fortify/etc/resolvconf.conf", "/etc/resolvconf.conf").
+			Symlink("/fortify/etc/rpc", "/etc/rpc").
+			Symlink("/fortify/etc/samba", "/etc/samba").
+			Symlink("/fortify/etc/sddm.conf", "/etc/sddm.conf").
+			Symlink("/fortify/etc/secureboot", "/etc/secureboot").
+			Symlink("/fortify/etc/services", "/etc/services").
+			Symlink("/fortify/etc/set-environment", "/etc/set-environment").
+			Symlink("/fortify/etc/shadow", "/etc/shadow").
+			Symlink("/fortify/etc/shells", "/etc/shells").
+			Symlink("/fortify/etc/ssh", "/etc/ssh").
+			Symlink("/fortify/etc/ssl", "/etc/ssl").
+			Symlink("/fortify/etc/static", "/etc/static").
+			Symlink("/fortify/etc/subgid", "/etc/subgid").
+			Symlink("/fortify/etc/subuid", "/etc/subuid").
+			Symlink("/fortify/etc/sudoers", "/etc/sudoers").
+			Symlink("/fortify/etc/sysctl.d", "/etc/sysctl.d").
+			Symlink("/fortify/etc/systemd", "/etc/systemd").
+			Symlink("/fortify/etc/terminfo", "/etc/terminfo").
+			Symlink("/fortify/etc/tmpfiles.d", "/etc/tmpfiles.d").
+			Symlink("/fortify/etc/udev", "/etc/udev").
+			Symlink("/fortify/etc/udisks2", "/etc/udisks2").
+			Symlink("/fortify/etc/UPower", "/etc/UPower").
+			Symlink("/fortify/etc/vconsole.conf", "/etc/vconsole.conf").
+			Symlink("/fortify/etc/X11", "/etc/X11").
+			Symlink("/fortify/etc/zfs", "/etc/zfs").
+			Symlink("/fortify/etc/zinputrc", "/etc/zinputrc").
+			Symlink("/fortify/etc/zoneinfo", "/etc/zoneinfo").
+			Symlink("/fortify/etc/zprofile", "/etc/zprofile").
+			Symlink("/fortify/etc/zshenv", "/etc/zshenv").
+			Symlink("/fortify/etc/zshrc", "/etc/zshrc").
+			Bind("/tmp/fortify.1971/tmpdir/0", "/tmp", false, true).
 			Tmpfs("/tmp/fortify.1971", 1048576).
 			Tmpfs("/run/user", 1048576).
 			Tmpfs("/run/user/65534", 8388608).
+			Bind("/home/chronos", "/home/chronos", false, true).
 			Bind("/tmp/fortify.1971/4a450b6596d7bc15bd01780eb9a607ac/passwd", "/etc/passwd").
 			Bind("/tmp/fortify.1971/4a450b6596d7bc15bd01780eb9a607ac/group", "/etc/group").
 			Tmpfs("/var/run/nscd", 8192),
@ -192,9 +199,12 @@ var testCasesNixos = []sealTestCase{
 		"nixos permissive defaults chromium", new(stubNixOS),
 		&app.Config{
 			ID:      "org.chromium.Chromium",
-			User:    "chronos",
 			Command: []string{"/run/current-system/sw/bin/zsh", "-c", "exec chromium "},
 			Confinement: app.ConfinementConfig{
+				AppID:    9,
+				Groups:   []string{"video"},
+				Username: "chronos",
+				Outer:    "/home/chronos",
 				SessionBus: &dbus.Config{
 					Talk: []string{
 						"org.freedesktop.Notifications",
@ -228,7 +238,6 @@ var testCasesNixos = []sealTestCase{
 				},
 				Enablements: system.EWayland.Mask() | system.EDBus.Mask() | system.EPulse.Mask(),
 			},
-			Method: "systemd",
 		},
 		app.ID{
 			0xeb, 0xf0, 0x83, 0xd1,
@ -236,11 +245,11 @@ var testCasesNixos = []sealTestCase{
 			0x82, 0xd4, 0x13, 0x36,
 			0x9b, 0x64, 0xce, 0x7c,
 		},
-		system.New(150).
-			Ensure("/tmp/fortify.1971", 0701).
-			Ephemeral(system.Process, "/tmp/fortify.1971/ebf083d1b175911782d413369b64ce7c", 0701).
+		system.New(1000009).
+			Ensure("/tmp/fortify.1971", 0711).
+			Ephemeral(system.Process, "/tmp/fortify.1971/ebf083d1b175911782d413369b64ce7c", 0711).
 			Ensure("/tmp/fortify.1971/tmpdir", 0700).UpdatePermType(system.User, "/tmp/fortify.1971/tmpdir", acl.Execute).
-			Ensure("/tmp/fortify.1971/tmpdir/150", 01700).UpdatePermType(system.User, "/tmp/fortify.1971/tmpdir/150", acl.Read, acl.Write, acl.Execute).
+			Ensure("/tmp/fortify.1971/tmpdir/9", 01700).UpdatePermType(system.User, "/tmp/fortify.1971/tmpdir/9", acl.Read, acl.Write, acl.Execute).
 			Ensure("/run/user/1971/fortify", 0700).UpdatePermType(system.User, "/run/user/1971/fortify", acl.Execute).
 			Ensure("/run/user/1971", 0700).UpdatePermType(system.User, "/run/user/1971", acl.Execute). // this is ordered as is because the previous Ensure only calls mkdir if XDG_RUNTIME_DIR is unset
 			Ephemeral(system.Process, "/run/user/1971/fortify/ebf083d1b175911782d413369b64ce7c", 0700).UpdatePermType(system.Process, "/run/user/1971/fortify/ebf083d1b175911782d413369b64ce7c", acl.Execute).
@ -285,6 +294,7 @@ var testCasesNixos = []sealTestCase{
 		(&bwrap.Config{
 			Net:      true,
 			UserNS:   true,
+			Chdir:    "/home/chronos",
 			Clearenv: true,
 			SetEnv: map[string]string{
 				"DBUS_SESSION_BUS_ADDRESS": "unix:path=/run/user/65534/bus",
@ -304,11 +314,11 @@ var testCasesNixos = []sealTestCase{
 			DieWithParent: true,
 			AsInit:        true,
 		}).SetUID(65534).SetGID(65534).
-			Procfs("/proc").DevTmpfs("/dev").Mqueue("/dev/mqueue").
-			Tmpfs("/dev/fortify", 4096).
+			Procfs("/proc").
+			Tmpfs("/fortify", 4096).
+			DevTmpfs("/dev").Mqueue("/dev/mqueue").
 			Bind("/bin", "/bin", false, true).
 			Bind("/boot", "/boot", false, true).
-			Bind("/etc", "/dev/fortify/etc").
 			Bind("/home", "/home", false, true).
 			Bind("/lib", "/lib", false, true).
 			Bind("/lib64", "/lib64", false, true).
@ -353,88 +363,90 @@ var testCasesNixos = []sealTestCase{
 			Bind("/run/zed.pid", "/run/zed.pid", false, true).
 			Bind("/run/zed.state", "/run/zed.state", false, true).
 			Bind("/dev/dri", "/dev/dri", true, true, true).
-			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/alsa", "/etc/alsa").
-			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/bashrc", "/etc/bashrc").
-			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/binfmt.d", "/etc/binfmt.d").
-			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/dbus-1", "/etc/dbus-1").
-			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/default", "/etc/default").
-			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/ethertypes", "/etc/ethertypes").
-			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/fonts", "/etc/fonts").
-			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/fstab", "/etc/fstab").
-			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/fuse.conf", "/etc/fuse.conf").
-			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/host.conf", "/etc/host.conf").
-			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/hostid", "/etc/hostid").
-			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/hostname", "/etc/hostname").
-			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/hostname.CHECKSUM", "/etc/hostname.CHECKSUM").
-			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/hosts", "/etc/hosts").
-			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/inputrc", "/etc/inputrc").
-			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/ipsec.d", "/etc/ipsec.d").
-			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/issue", "/etc/issue").
-			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/kbd", "/etc/kbd").
-			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/libblockdev", "/etc/libblockdev").
-			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/locale.conf", "/etc/locale.conf").
-			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/localtime", "/etc/localtime").
-			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/login.defs", "/etc/login.defs").
-			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/lsb-release", "/etc/lsb-release").
-			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/lvm", "/etc/lvm").
-			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/machine-id", "/etc/machine-id").
-			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/man_db.conf", "/etc/man_db.conf").
-			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/modprobe.d", "/etc/modprobe.d").
-			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/modules-load.d", "/etc/modules-load.d").
+			Bind("/etc", "/fortify/etc").
+			Symlink("/fortify/etc/alsa", "/etc/alsa").
+			Symlink("/fortify/etc/bashrc", "/etc/bashrc").
+			Symlink("/fortify/etc/binfmt.d", "/etc/binfmt.d").
+			Symlink("/fortify/etc/dbus-1", "/etc/dbus-1").
+			Symlink("/fortify/etc/default", "/etc/default").
+			Symlink("/fortify/etc/ethertypes", "/etc/ethertypes").
+			Symlink("/fortify/etc/fonts", "/etc/fonts").
+			Symlink("/fortify/etc/fstab", "/etc/fstab").
+			Symlink("/fortify/etc/fuse.conf", "/etc/fuse.conf").
+			Symlink("/fortify/etc/host.conf", "/etc/host.conf").
+			Symlink("/fortify/etc/hostid", "/etc/hostid").
+			Symlink("/fortify/etc/hostname", "/etc/hostname").
+			Symlink("/fortify/etc/hostname.CHECKSUM", "/etc/hostname.CHECKSUM").
+			Symlink("/fortify/etc/hosts", "/etc/hosts").
+			Symlink("/fortify/etc/inputrc", "/etc/inputrc").
+			Symlink("/fortify/etc/ipsec.d", "/etc/ipsec.d").
+			Symlink("/fortify/etc/issue", "/etc/issue").
+			Symlink("/fortify/etc/kbd", "/etc/kbd").
+			Symlink("/fortify/etc/libblockdev", "/etc/libblockdev").
+			Symlink("/fortify/etc/locale.conf", "/etc/locale.conf").
+			Symlink("/fortify/etc/localtime", "/etc/localtime").
+			Symlink("/fortify/etc/login.defs", "/etc/login.defs").
+			Symlink("/fortify/etc/lsb-release", "/etc/lsb-release").
+			Symlink("/fortify/etc/lvm", "/etc/lvm").
+			Symlink("/fortify/etc/machine-id", "/etc/machine-id").
+			Symlink("/fortify/etc/man_db.conf", "/etc/man_db.conf").
+			Symlink("/fortify/etc/modprobe.d", "/etc/modprobe.d").
+			Symlink("/fortify/etc/modules-load.d", "/etc/modules-load.d").
 			Symlink("/proc/mounts", "/etc/mtab").
-			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/nanorc", "/etc/nanorc").
-			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/netgroup", "/etc/netgroup").
-			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/NetworkManager", "/etc/NetworkManager").
-			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/nix", "/etc/nix").
-			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/nixos", "/etc/nixos").
-			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/NIXOS", "/etc/NIXOS").
-			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/nscd.conf", "/etc/nscd.conf").
-			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/nsswitch.conf", "/etc/nsswitch.conf").
-			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/opensnitchd", "/etc/opensnitchd").
-			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/os-release", "/etc/os-release").
-			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/pam", "/etc/pam").
-			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/pam.d", "/etc/pam.d").
-			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/pipewire", "/etc/pipewire").
-			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/pki", "/etc/pki").
-			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/polkit-1", "/etc/polkit-1").
-			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/profile", "/etc/profile").
-			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/protocols", "/etc/protocols").
-			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/qemu", "/etc/qemu").
-			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/resolv.conf", "/etc/resolv.conf").
-			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/resolvconf.conf", "/etc/resolvconf.conf").
-			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/rpc", "/etc/rpc").
-			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/samba", "/etc/samba").
-			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/sddm.conf", "/etc/sddm.conf").
-			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/secureboot", "/etc/secureboot").
-			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/services", "/etc/services").
-			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/set-environment", "/etc/set-environment").
-			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/shadow", "/etc/shadow").
-			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/shells", "/etc/shells").
-			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/ssh", "/etc/ssh").
-			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/ssl", "/etc/ssl").
-			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/static", "/etc/static").
-			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/subgid", "/etc/subgid").
-			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/subuid", "/etc/subuid").
-			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/sudoers", "/etc/sudoers").
-			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/sysctl.d", "/etc/sysctl.d").
-			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/systemd", "/etc/systemd").
-			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/terminfo", "/etc/terminfo").
-			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/tmpfiles.d", "/etc/tmpfiles.d").
-			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/udev", "/etc/udev").
-			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/udisks2", "/etc/udisks2").
-			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/UPower", "/etc/UPower").
-			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/vconsole.conf", "/etc/vconsole.conf").
-			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/X11", "/etc/X11").
-			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/zfs", "/etc/zfs").
-			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/zinputrc", "/etc/zinputrc").
-			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/zoneinfo", "/etc/zoneinfo").
-			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/zprofile", "/etc/zprofile").
-			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/zshenv", "/etc/zshenv").
-			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/zshrc", "/etc/zshrc").
-			Bind("/tmp/fortify.1971/tmpdir/150", "/tmp", false, true).
+			Symlink("/fortify/etc/nanorc", "/etc/nanorc").
+			Symlink("/fortify/etc/netgroup", "/etc/netgroup").
+			Symlink("/fortify/etc/NetworkManager", "/etc/NetworkManager").
+			Symlink("/fortify/etc/nix", "/etc/nix").
+			Symlink("/fortify/etc/nixos", "/etc/nixos").
+			Symlink("/fortify/etc/NIXOS", "/etc/NIXOS").
+			Symlink("/fortify/etc/nscd.conf", "/etc/nscd.conf").
+			Symlink("/fortify/etc/nsswitch.conf", "/etc/nsswitch.conf").
+			Symlink("/fortify/etc/opensnitchd", "/etc/opensnitchd").
+			Symlink("/fortify/etc/os-release", "/etc/os-release").
+			Symlink("/fortify/etc/pam", "/etc/pam").
+			Symlink("/fortify/etc/pam.d", "/etc/pam.d").
+			Symlink("/fortify/etc/pipewire", "/etc/pipewire").
+			Symlink("/fortify/etc/pki", "/etc/pki").
+			Symlink("/fortify/etc/polkit-1", "/etc/polkit-1").
+			Symlink("/fortify/etc/profile", "/etc/profile").
+			Symlink("/fortify/etc/protocols", "/etc/protocols").
+			Symlink("/fortify/etc/qemu", "/etc/qemu").
+			Symlink("/fortify/etc/resolv.conf", "/etc/resolv.conf").
+			Symlink("/fortify/etc/resolvconf.conf", "/etc/resolvconf.conf").
+			Symlink("/fortify/etc/rpc", "/etc/rpc").
+			Symlink("/fortify/etc/samba", "/etc/samba").
+			Symlink("/fortify/etc/sddm.conf", "/etc/sddm.conf").
+			Symlink("/fortify/etc/secureboot", "/etc/secureboot").
+			Symlink("/fortify/etc/services", "/etc/services").
+			Symlink("/fortify/etc/set-environment", "/etc/set-environment").
+			Symlink("/fortify/etc/shadow", "/etc/shadow").
+			Symlink("/fortify/etc/shells", "/etc/shells").
+			Symlink("/fortify/etc/ssh", "/etc/ssh").
+			Symlink("/fortify/etc/ssl", "/etc/ssl").
+			Symlink("/fortify/etc/static", "/etc/static").
+			Symlink("/fortify/etc/subgid", "/etc/subgid").
+			Symlink("/fortify/etc/subuid", "/etc/subuid").
+			Symlink("/fortify/etc/sudoers", "/etc/sudoers").
+			Symlink("/fortify/etc/sysctl.d", "/etc/sysctl.d").
+			Symlink("/fortify/etc/systemd", "/etc/systemd").
+			Symlink("/fortify/etc/terminfo", "/etc/terminfo").
+			Symlink("/fortify/etc/tmpfiles.d", "/etc/tmpfiles.d").
+			Symlink("/fortify/etc/udev", "/etc/udev").
+			Symlink("/fortify/etc/udisks2", "/etc/udisks2").
+			Symlink("/fortify/etc/UPower", "/etc/UPower").
+			Symlink("/fortify/etc/vconsole.conf", "/etc/vconsole.conf").
+			Symlink("/fortify/etc/X11", "/etc/X11").
+			Symlink("/fortify/etc/zfs", "/etc/zfs").
+			Symlink("/fortify/etc/zinputrc", "/etc/zinputrc").
+			Symlink("/fortify/etc/zoneinfo", "/etc/zoneinfo").
+			Symlink("/fortify/etc/zprofile", "/etc/zprofile").
+			Symlink("/fortify/etc/zshenv", "/etc/zshenv").
+			Symlink("/fortify/etc/zshrc", "/etc/zshrc").
+			Bind("/tmp/fortify.1971/tmpdir/9", "/tmp", false, true).
 			Tmpfs("/tmp/fortify.1971", 1048576).
 			Tmpfs("/run/user", 1048576).
 			Tmpfs("/run/user/65534", 8388608).
+			Bind("/home/chronos", "/home/chronos", false, true).
 			Bind("/tmp/fortify.1971/ebf083d1b175911782d413369b64ce7c/passwd", "/etc/passwd").
 			Bind("/tmp/fortify.1971/ebf083d1b175911782d413369b64ce7c/group", "/etc/group").
 			Bind("/run/user/1971/fortify/ebf083d1b175911782d413369b64ce7c/wayland", "/run/user/65534/wayland-0").
@ -501,23 +513,12 @@ func (s *stubNixOS) Executable() (string, error) {
 	return "/home/ophestra/.nix-profile/bin/fortify", nil
 }

-func (s *stubNixOS) Lookup(username string) (*user.User, error) {
-	if s.usernameErr != nil {
-		if err, ok := s.usernameErr[username]; ok {
-			return nil, err
-		}
-	}
-
-	switch username {
-	case "chronos":
-		return &user.User{
-			Uid:      "150",
-			Gid:      "101",
-			Username: "chronos",
-			HomeDir:  "/home/chronos",
-		}, nil
+func (s *stubNixOS) LookupGroup(name string) (*user.Group, error) {
+	switch name {
+	case "video":
+		return &user.Group{Gid: "26", Name: "video"}, nil
 	default:
-		return nil, user.UnknownUserError(username)
+		return nil, user.UnknownGroupError(name)
 	}
 }

@ -579,8 +580,8 @@ func (s *stubNixOS) Exit(code int) {
 	panic("called exit on stub with code " + strconv.Itoa(code))
 }

-func (s *stubNixOS) FshimPath() string {
-	return "/nix/store/00000000000000000000000000000000-fortify-0.0.10/bin/.fshim"
+func (s *stubNixOS) Stdout() io.Writer {
+	panic("requested stdout")
 }

 func (s *stubNixOS) Paths() linux.Paths {
@ -591,6 +592,10 @@ func (s *stubNixOS) Paths() linux.Paths {
 	}
 }

+func (s *stubNixOS) Uid(aid int) (int, error) {
+	return 1000000 + 0*10000 + aid, nil
+}
+
 func (s *stubNixOS) SdBooted() bool {
 	return true
 }
--- a/internal/app/config.go
+++ b/internal/app/config.go
@ -1,23 +1,22 @@
 package app

 import (
-	"os"
+	"errors"

 	"git.ophivana.moe/security/fortify/dbus"
 	"git.ophivana.moe/security/fortify/helper/bwrap"
+	"git.ophivana.moe/security/fortify/internal/linux"
 	"git.ophivana.moe/security/fortify/internal/system"
 )

+const fTmp = "/fortify"
+
 // Config is used to seal an *App
 type Config struct {
 	// D-Bus application ID
 	ID string `json:"id"`
-	// username of the target user to switch to
-	User string `json:"user"`
 	// value passed through to the child process as its argv
 	Command []string `json:"command"`
-	// string representation of the child's launch method
-	Method string `json:"method"`

 	// child confinement configuration
 	Confinement ConfinementConfig `json:"confinement"`
@ -25,6 +24,16 @@ type Config struct {

 // ConfinementConfig defines fortified child's confinement
 type ConfinementConfig struct {
+	// numerical application id, determines uid in the init namespace
+	AppID int `json:"app_id"`
+	// list of supplementary groups to inherit
+	Groups []string `json:"groups"`
+	// passwd username in the sandbox, defaults to chronos
+	Username string `json:"username,omitempty"`
+	// home directory in sandbox, empty for outer
+	Inner string `json:"home_inner"`
+	// home directory in init namespace
+	Outer string `json:"home"`
 	// bwrap sandbox confinement configuration
 	Sandbox *SandboxConfig `json:"sandbox"`

@ -47,10 +56,12 @@ type SandboxConfig struct {
 	UserNS bool `json:"userns,omitempty"`
 	// share net namespace
 	Net bool `json:"net,omitempty"`
+	// share all devices
+	Dev bool `json:"dev,omitempty"`
 	// do not run in new session
 	NoNewSession bool `json:"no_new_session,omitempty"`
 	// map target user uid to privileged user uid in the user namespace
-	UseRealUID bool `json:"use_real_uid"`
+	MapRealUID bool `json:"map_real_uid"`
 	// mediated access to wayland socket
 	Wayland bool `json:"wayland,omitempty"`

@ -60,6 +71,8 @@ type SandboxConfig struct {
 	Filesystem []*FilesystemConfig `json:"filesystem"`
 	// symlinks created inside the sandbox
 	Link [][2]string `json:"symlink"`
+	// automatically set up /etc symlinks
+	AutoEtc bool `json:"auto_etc"`
 	// paths to override by mounting tmpfs over them
 	Override []string `json:"override"`
 }
@ -79,13 +92,16 @@ type FilesystemConfig struct {

 // Bwrap returns the address of the corresponding bwrap.Config to s.
 // Note that remaining tmpfs entries must be queued by the caller prior to launch.
-func (s *SandboxConfig) Bwrap(uid int) *bwrap.Config {
+func (s *SandboxConfig) Bwrap(os linux.System) (*bwrap.Config, error) {
 	if s == nil {
-		return nil
+		return nil, errors.New("nil sandbox config")
 	}

-	if !s.UseRealUID {
+	var uid int
+	if !s.MapRealUID {
 		uid = 65534
+	} else {
+		uid = os.Geteuid()
 	}

 	conf := (&bwrap.Config{
@ -99,11 +115,21 @@ func (s *SandboxConfig) Bwrap(uid int) *bwrap.Config {
 		AsInit:        true,

 		// initialise map
-		Chmod: make(map[string]os.FileMode),
+		Chmod: make(bwrap.ChmodConfig),
 	}).
 		SetUID(uid).SetGID(uid).
-		Procfs("/proc").DevTmpfs("/dev").Mqueue("/dev/mqueue").
-		Tmpfs("/dev/fortify", 4*1024)
+		Procfs("/proc").
+		Tmpfs(fTmp, 4*1024)
+
+	if !s.Dev {
+		conf.DevTmpfs("/dev").Mqueue("/dev/mqueue")
+	} else {
+		conf.Bind("/dev", "/dev", false, true, true)
+	}
+
+	if !s.AutoEtc {
+		conf.Dir("/etc")
+	}

 	for _, c := range s.Filesystem {
 		if c == nil {
@ -121,14 +147,35 @@ func (s *SandboxConfig) Bwrap(uid int) *bwrap.Config {
 		conf.Symlink(l[0], l[1])
 	}

-	return conf
+	if s.AutoEtc {
+		conf.Bind("/etc", fTmp+"/etc")
+
+		// link host /etc contents to prevent passwd/group from being overwritten
+		if d, err := os.ReadDir("/etc"); err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		} else {
+			for _, ent := range d {
+				name := ent.Name()
+				switch name {
+				case "passwd":
+				case "group":
+
+				case "mtab":
+					conf.Symlink("/proc/mounts", "/etc/"+name)
+				default:
+					conf.Symlink(fTmp+"/etc/"+name, "/etc/"+name)
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	return conf, nil
 }

 // Template returns a fully populated instance of Config.
 func Template() *Config {
 	return &Config{
 		ID: "org.chromium.Chromium",
-		User: "chronos",
 		Command: []string{
 			"chromium",
 			"--ignore-gpu-blocklist",
@ -136,13 +183,19 @@ func Template() *Config {
 			"--enable-features=UseOzonePlatform",
 			"--ozone-platform=wayland",
 		},
-		Method: "sudo",
 		Confinement: ConfinementConfig{
+			AppID:    9,
+			Groups:   []string{"video"},
+			Username: "chronos",
+			Outer:    "/var/lib/persist/home/org.chromium.Chromium",
+			Inner:    "/var/lib/fortify",
 			Sandbox: &SandboxConfig{
 				Hostname:     "localhost",
 				UserNS:       true,
 				Net:          true,
 				NoNewSession: true,
+				MapRealUID:   true,
+				Dev:          true,
 				Wayland:      false,
 				// example API credentials pulled from Google Chrome
 				// DO NOT USE THESE IN A REAL BROWSER
@ -152,12 +205,15 @@ func Template() *Config {
 					"GOOGLE_DEFAULT_CLIENT_SECRET": "OTJgUOQcT7lO7GsGZq2G4IlT",
 				},
 				Filesystem: []*FilesystemConfig{
-					{Src: "/nix"},
-					{Src: "/storage/emulated/0", Write: true, Must: true},
-					{Src: "/data/user/0", Dst: "/data/data", Write: true, Must: true},
-					{Src: "/var/tmp", Write: true},
+					{Src: "/nix/store"},
+					{Src: "/run/current-system"},
+					{Src: "/run/opengl-driver"},
+					{Src: "/var/db/nix-channels"},
+					{Src: "/home/chronos", Write: true, Must: true},
+					{Src: "/dev/dri", Device: true},
 				},
-				Link:     [][2]string{{"/dev/fortify/etc", "/etc"}},
+				Link:     [][2]string{{"/run/user/65534", "/run/user/150"}},
+				AutoEtc:  true,
 				Override: []string{"/var/run/nscd"},
 			},
 			SystemBus: &dbus.Config{
--- a/internal/app/launch.machinectl.go
+++ b/internal/app/launch.machinectl.go
@ -1,57 +0,0 @@
-package app
-
-import (
-	"strings"
-
-	"git.ophivana.moe/security/fortify/internal/fmsg"
-)
-
-func (a *app) commandBuilderMachineCtl(shimEnv string) (args []string) {
-	args = make([]string, 0, 9+len(a.seal.sys.bwrap.SetEnv))
-
-	// shell --uid=$USER
-	args = append(args, "shell", "--uid="+a.seal.sys.user.Username)
-
-	// --quiet
-	if !fmsg.Verbose() {
-		args = append(args, "--quiet")
-	}
-
-	// environ
-	envQ := make([]string, 0, len(a.seal.sys.bwrap.SetEnv)+1)
-	for k, v := range a.seal.sys.bwrap.SetEnv {
-		envQ = append(envQ, "-E"+k+"="+v)
-	}
-	// add shim payload to environment for shim path
-	envQ = append(envQ, "-E"+shimEnv)
-	args = append(args, envQ...)
-
-	// -- .host
-	args = append(args, "--", ".host")
-
-	// /bin/sh -c
-	if sh, err := a.os.LookPath("sh"); err != nil {
-		// hardcode /bin/sh path since it exists more often than not
-		args = append(args, "/bin/sh", "-c")
-	} else {
-		args = append(args, sh, "-c")
-	}
-
-	// build inner command expression ran as target user
-	innerCommand := strings.Builder{}
-
-	// apply custom environment variables to activation environment
-	innerCommand.WriteString("dbus-update-activation-environment --systemd")
-	for k := range a.seal.sys.bwrap.SetEnv {
-		innerCommand.WriteString(" " + k)
-	}
-	innerCommand.WriteString("; ")
-
-	// launch fortify shim
-	innerCommand.WriteString("exec " + a.os.FshimPath())
-
-	// append inner command
-	args = append(args, innerCommand.String())
-
-	return
-}
--- a/internal/app/launch.sudo.go
+++ b/internal/app/launch.sudo.go
@ -1,30 +0,0 @@
-package app
-
-import (
-	"git.ophivana.moe/security/fortify/internal/fmsg"
-)
-
-const (
-	sudoAskPass = "SUDO_ASKPASS"
-)
-
-func (a *app) commandBuilderSudo(shimEnv string) (args []string) {
-	args = make([]string, 0, 8)
-
-	// -Hiu $USER
-	args = append(args, "-Hiu", a.seal.sys.user.Username)
-
-	// -A?
-	if _, ok := a.os.LookupEnv(sudoAskPass); ok {
-		fmsg.VPrintln(sudoAskPass, "set, adding askpass flag")
-		args = append(args, "-A")
-	}
-
-	// shim payload
-	args = append(args, shimEnv)
-
-	// -- $@
-	args = append(args, "--", a.os.FshimPath())
-
-	return
-}
--- a/internal/app/seal.go
+++ b/internal/app/seal.go
@ -2,9 +2,10 @@ package app

 import (
 	"errors"
+	"fmt"
 	"io/fs"
-	"os/user"
 	"path"
+	"regexp"
 	"strconv"

 	shim "git.ophivana.moe/security/fortify/cmd/fshim/ipc"
@ -15,26 +16,15 @@ import (
 	"git.ophivana.moe/security/fortify/internal/system"
 )

-const (
-	LaunchMethodSudo uint8 = iota
-	LaunchMethodMachineCtl
-)
-
-var method = [...]string{
-	LaunchMethodSudo:       "sudo",
-	LaunchMethodMachineCtl: "systemd",
-}
-
 var (
 	ErrConfig = errors.New("no configuration to seal")
-	ErrUser   = errors.New("unknown user")
-	ErrLaunch = errors.New("invalid launch method")
-
-	ErrSudo       = errors.New("sudo not available")
-	ErrSystemd    = errors.New("systemd not available")
-	ErrMachineCtl = errors.New("machinectl not available")
+	ErrUser   = errors.New("invalid aid")
+	ErrHome   = errors.New("invalid home directory")
+	ErrName   = errors.New("invalid username")
 )

+var posixUsername = regexp.MustCompilePOSIX("^[a-z_]([A-Za-z0-9_-]{0,31}|[A-Za-z0-9_-]{0,30}\\$)$")
+
 // appSeal seals the application with child-related information
 type appSeal struct {
 	// app unique ID string representation
@ -51,15 +41,11 @@ type appSeal struct {
 	// persistent process state store
 	store state.Store

-	// uint8 representation of launch method sealed from config
-	launchOption uint8
 	// process-specific share directory path
 	share string
 	// process-specific share directory path local to XDG_RUNTIME_DIR
 	shareLocal string

-	// path to launcher program
-	toolPath string
 	// pass-through enablement tracking from config
 	et system.Enablements

@ -98,39 +84,11 @@ func (a *app) Seal(config *Config) error {
 	seal.fid = config.ID
 	seal.command = config.Command

-	// parses launch method text and looks up tool path
-	switch config.Method {
-	case method[LaunchMethodSudo]:
-		seal.launchOption = LaunchMethodSudo
-		if sudoPath, err := a.os.LookPath("sudo"); err != nil {
-			return fmsg.WrapError(ErrSudo,
-				"sudo not found")
-		} else {
-			seal.toolPath = sudoPath
-		}
-	case method[LaunchMethodMachineCtl]:
-		seal.launchOption = LaunchMethodMachineCtl
-		if !a.os.SdBooted() {
-			return fmsg.WrapError(ErrSystemd,
-				"system has not been booted with systemd as init system")
-		}
-
-		if machineCtlPath, err := a.os.LookPath("machinectl"); err != nil {
-			return fmsg.WrapError(ErrMachineCtl,
-				"machinectl not found")
-		} else {
-			seal.toolPath = machineCtlPath
-		}
-	default:
-		return fmsg.WrapError(ErrLaunch,
-			"invalid launch method")
-	}
-
 	// create seal system component
 	seal.sys = new(appSealSys)

 	// mapped uid
-	if config.Confinement.Sandbox != nil && config.Confinement.Sandbox.UseRealUID {
+	if config.Confinement.Sandbox != nil && config.Confinement.Sandbox.MapRealUID {
 		seal.sys.mappedID = a.os.Geteuid()
 	} else {
 		seal.sys.mappedID = 65534
@ -138,16 +96,51 @@ func (a *app) Seal(config *Config) error {
 	seal.sys.mappedIDString = strconv.Itoa(seal.sys.mappedID)
 	seal.sys.runtime = path.Join("/run/user", seal.sys.mappedIDString)

-	// look up user from system
-	if u, err := a.os.Lookup(config.User); err != nil {
-		if errors.As(err, new(user.UnknownUserError)) {
-			return fmsg.WrapError(ErrUser, "unknown user", config.User)
+	// validate uid and set user info
+	if config.Confinement.AppID < 0 || config.Confinement.AppID > 9999 {
+		return fmsg.WrapError(ErrUser,
+			fmt.Sprintf("aid %d out of range", config.Confinement.AppID))
 	} else {
-			// unreachable
-			panic(err)
+		seal.sys.user = appUser{
+			aid:      config.Confinement.AppID,
+			as:       strconv.Itoa(config.Confinement.AppID),
+			data:     config.Confinement.Outer,
+			home:     config.Confinement.Inner,
+			username: config.Confinement.Username,
 		}
+		if seal.sys.user.username == "" {
+			seal.sys.user.username = "chronos"
+		} else if !posixUsername.MatchString(seal.sys.user.username) {
+			return fmsg.WrapError(ErrName,
+				fmt.Sprintf("invalid user name %q", seal.sys.user.username))
+		}
+		if seal.sys.user.data == "" || !path.IsAbs(seal.sys.user.data) {
+			return fmsg.WrapError(ErrHome,
+				fmt.Sprintf("invalid home directory %q", seal.sys.user.data))
+		}
+		if seal.sys.user.home == "" {
+			seal.sys.user.home = seal.sys.user.data
+		}
+
+		// invoke fsu for full uid
+		if u, err := a.os.Uid(seal.sys.user.aid); err != nil {
+			return fmsg.WrapErrorSuffix(err,
+				"cannot obtain uid from fsu:")
 		} else {
-		seal.sys.user = u
+			seal.sys.user.uid = u
+			seal.sys.user.us = strconv.Itoa(u)
+		}
+
+		// resolve supplementary group ids from names
+		seal.sys.user.supp = make([]string, len(config.Confinement.Groups))
+		for i, name := range config.Confinement.Groups {
+			if g, err := a.os.LookupGroup(name); err != nil {
+				return fmsg.WrapError(err,
+					fmt.Sprintf("unknown group %q", name))
+			} else {
+				seal.sys.user.supp[i] = g.Gid
+			}
+		}
 	}

 	// map sandbox config to bwrap
@ -159,6 +152,7 @@ func (a *app) Seal(config *Config) error {
 			UserNS:       true,
 			Net:          true,
 			NoNewSession: true,
+			AutoEtc:      true,
 		}
 		// bind entries in /
 		if d, err := a.os.ReadDir("/"); err != nil {
@ -173,9 +167,8 @@ func (a *app) Seal(config *Config) error {
 				case "/run":
 				case "/tmp":
 				case "/mnt":
-
 				case "/etc":
-					b = append(b, &FilesystemConfig{Src: p, Dst: "/dev/fortify/etc", Write: false, Must: true})
+
 				default:
 					b = append(b, &FilesystemConfig{Src: p, Write: true, Must: true})
 				}
@ -208,35 +201,14 @@ func (a *app) Seal(config *Config) error {
 		if config.Confinement.Enablements.Has(system.EX11) || config.Confinement.Enablements.Has(system.EWayland) {
 			conf.Filesystem = append(conf.Filesystem, &FilesystemConfig{Src: "/dev/dri", Device: true})
 		}
-		// link host /etc to prevent passwd/group from being overwritten
-		if d, err := a.os.ReadDir("/etc"); err != nil {
-			return err
-		} else {
-			b := make([][2]string, 0, len(d))
-			for _, ent := range d {
-				name := ent.Name()
-				switch name {
-				case "passwd":
-				case "group":
-
-				case "mtab":
-					b = append(b, [2]string{
-						"/proc/mounts",
-						"/etc/" + name,
-					})
-				default:
-					b = append(b, [2]string{
-						"/dev/fortify/etc/" + name,
-						"/etc/" + name,
-					})
-				}
-			}
-			conf.Link = append(conf.Link, b...)
-		}

 		config.Confinement.Sandbox = conf
 	}
-	seal.sys.bwrap = config.Confinement.Sandbox.Bwrap(a.os.Geteuid())
+	if b, err := config.Confinement.Sandbox.Bwrap(a.os); err != nil {
+		return err
+	} else {
+		seal.sys.bwrap = b
+	}
 	seal.sys.override = config.Confinement.Sandbox.Override
 	if seal.sys.bwrap.SetEnv == nil {
 		seal.sys.bwrap.SetEnv = make(map[string]string)
@ -251,15 +223,10 @@ func (a *app) Seal(config *Config) error {
 	// open process state store
 	// the simple store only starts holding an open file after first action
 	// store activity begins after Start is called and must end before Wait
-	seal.store = state.NewSimple(seal.RunDirPath, seal.sys.user.Uid)
+	seal.store = state.NewSimple(seal.RunDirPath, seal.sys.user.as)

-	// parse string UID
-	if u, err := strconv.Atoi(seal.sys.user.Uid); err != nil {
-		// unreachable unless kernel bug
-		panic("uid parse")
-	} else {
-		seal.sys.I = system.New(u)
-	}
+	// initialise system interface with full uid
+	seal.sys.I = system.New(seal.sys.user.uid)

 	// pass through enablements
 	seal.et = config.Confinement.Enablements
@ -270,11 +237,8 @@ func (a *app) Seal(config *Config) error {
 	}

 	// verbose log seal information
-	fmsg.VPrintln("created application seal as user",
-		seal.sys.user.Username, "("+seal.sys.user.Uid+"),",
-		"method:", config.Method+",",
-		"launcher:", seal.toolPath+",",
-		"command:", config.Command)
+	fmsg.VPrintf("created application seal for uid %s (%s) groups: %v, command: %s",
+		seal.sys.user.us, seal.sys.user.username, config.Confinement.Groups, config.Command)

 	// seal app and release lock
 	a.seal = seal
--- a/internal/app/share.display.go
+++ b/internal/app/share.display.go
@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ func (seal *appSeal) shareDisplay(os linux.System) error {
 			return fmsg.WrapError(ErrXDisplay,
 				"DISPLAY is not set")
 		} else {
-			seal.sys.ChangeHosts(seal.sys.user.Username)
+			seal.sys.ChangeHosts("#" + seal.sys.user.us)
 			seal.sys.bwrap.SetEnv[display] = d
 			seal.sys.bwrap.Bind("/tmp/.X11-unix", "/tmp/.X11-unix")
 		}
--- a/internal/app/share.system.go
+++ b/internal/app/share.system.go
@ -16,12 +16,12 @@ const (
 func (seal *appSeal) shareSystem() {
 	// ensure Share (e.g. `/tmp/fortify.%d`)
 	// acl is unnecessary as this directory is world executable
-	seal.sys.Ensure(seal.SharePath, 0701)
+	seal.sys.Ensure(seal.SharePath, 0711)

 	// ensure process-specific share (e.g. `/tmp/fortify.%d/%s`)
 	// acl is unnecessary as this directory is world executable
 	seal.share = path.Join(seal.SharePath, seal.id)
-	seal.sys.Ephemeral(system.Process, seal.share, 0701)
+	seal.sys.Ephemeral(system.Process, seal.share, 0711)

 	// ensure child tmpdir parent directory (e.g. `/tmp/fortify.%d/tmpdir`)
 	targetTmpdirParent := path.Join(seal.SharePath, "tmpdir")
@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ func (seal *appSeal) shareSystem() {
 	seal.sys.UpdatePermType(system.User, targetTmpdirParent, acl.Execute)

 	// ensure child tmpdir (e.g. `/tmp/fortify.%d/tmpdir/%d`)
-	targetTmpdir := path.Join(targetTmpdirParent, seal.sys.user.Uid)
+	targetTmpdir := path.Join(targetTmpdirParent, seal.sys.user.as)
 	seal.sys.Ensure(targetTmpdir, 01700)
 	seal.sys.UpdatePermType(system.User, targetTmpdir, acl.Read, acl.Write, acl.Execute)
 	seal.sys.bwrap.Bind(targetTmpdir, "/tmp", false, true)
@ -49,15 +49,21 @@ func (seal *appSeal) sharePasswd(os linux.System) {
 	// generate /etc/passwd
 	passwdPath := path.Join(seal.share, "passwd")
 	username := "chronos"
-	if seal.sys.user.Username != "" {
-		username = seal.sys.user.Username
-		seal.sys.bwrap.SetEnv["USER"] = seal.sys.user.Username
+	if seal.sys.user.username != "" {
+		username = seal.sys.user.username
 	}
 	homeDir := "/var/empty"
-	if seal.sys.user.HomeDir != "" {
-		homeDir = seal.sys.user.HomeDir
-		seal.sys.bwrap.SetEnv["HOME"] = seal.sys.user.HomeDir
+	if seal.sys.user.home != "" {
+		homeDir = seal.sys.user.home
 	}
+
+	// bind home directory
+	seal.sys.bwrap.Bind(seal.sys.user.data, homeDir, false, true)
+	seal.sys.bwrap.Chdir = homeDir
+
+	seal.sys.bwrap.SetEnv["USER"] = username
+	seal.sys.bwrap.SetEnv["HOME"] = homeDir
+
 	passwd := username + ":x:" + seal.sys.mappedIDString + ":" + seal.sys.mappedIDString + ":Fortify:" + homeDir + ":" + sh + "\n"
 	seal.sys.Write(passwdPath, passwd)

--- a/internal/app/start.go
+++ b/internal/app/start.go
@ -41,19 +41,13 @@ func (a *app) Start() error {
 		}
 	}

-	// select command builder
-	var commandBuilder shim.CommandBuilder
-	switch a.seal.launchOption {
-	case LaunchMethodSudo:
-		commandBuilder = a.commandBuilderSudo
-	case LaunchMethodMachineCtl:
-		commandBuilder = a.commandBuilderMachineCtl
-	default:
-		panic("unreachable")
-	}
-
 	// construct shim manager
-	a.shim = shim.New(a.seal.toolPath, uint32(a.seal.sys.UID()), path.Join(a.seal.share, "shim"), a.seal.wl,
+	a.shim = shim.New(
+		uint32(a.seal.sys.UID()),
+		a.seal.sys.user.as,
+		a.seal.sys.user.supp,
+		path.Join(a.seal.share, "shim"),
+		a.seal.wl,
 		&shim0.Payload{
 			Argv:  a.seal.command,
 			Exec:  shimExec,
@ -62,9 +56,6 @@ func (a *app) Start() error {

 			Verbose: fmsg.Verbose(),
 		},
-		// checkPid is impossible at the moment since there is no reliable way to obtain shim's pid
-		// this feature is disabled here until sudo is replaced by fortify suid wrapper
-		false,
 	)

 	// startup will go ahead, commit system setup
@ -73,7 +64,7 @@ func (a *app) Start() error {
 	}
 	a.seal.sys.needRevert = true

-	if startTime, err := a.shim.Start(commandBuilder); err != nil {
+	if startTime, err := a.shim.Start(); err != nil {
 		return err
 	} else {
 		// shim start and setup success, create process state
@ -81,7 +72,6 @@ func (a *app) Start() error {
 			PID:        a.shim.Unwrap().Process.Pid,
 			Command:    a.seal.command,
 			Capability: a.seal.et,
-			Method:     method[a.seal.launchOption],
 			Argv:       a.shim.Unwrap().Args,
 			Time:       *startTime,
 		}
@ -166,8 +156,13 @@ func (a *app) Wait() (int, error) {
 		// failure prior to process start
 		r = 255
 	} else {
+		wait := make(chan error, 1)
+		go func() { wait <- cmd.Wait() }()
+
+		select {
 		// wait for process and resolve exit code
-		if err := cmd.Wait(); err != nil {
+		case err := <-wait:
+			if err != nil {
 				var exitError *exec.ExitError
 				if !errors.As(err, &exitError) {
 					// should be unreachable
@ -180,6 +175,16 @@ func (a *app) Wait() (int, error) {
 				r = cmd.ProcessState.ExitCode()
 			}
 			fmsg.VPrintf("process %d exited with exit code %d", cmd.Process.Pid, r)
+
+		// alternative exit path when kill was unsuccessful
+		case err := <-a.shim.WaitFallback():
+			r = 255
+			if err != nil {
+				fmsg.Printf("cannot terminate shim on faulted setup: %v", err)
+			} else {
+				fmsg.VPrintln("alternative exit path selected")
+			}
+		}
 	}

 	// child process exited, resume output
@ -250,10 +255,17 @@ func (a *app) Wait() (int, error) {
 				}
 			}

+			if a.shim.Unwrap() == nil {
+				fmsg.VPrintln("fault before shim start")
+			} else {
 				a.shim.AbortWait(errors.New("shim exited"))
+			}
+
+			if a.seal.sys.needRevert {
 				if err := a.seal.sys.Revert(ec); err != nil {
 					return err.(RevertCompoundError)
 				}
+			}

 			return nil
 		}()
--- a/internal/app/system.go
+++ b/internal/app/system.go
@ -1,8 +1,6 @@
 package app

 import (
-	"os/user"
-
 	"git.ophivana.moe/security/fortify/dbus"
 	"git.ophivana.moe/security/fortify/helper/bwrap"
 	"git.ophivana.moe/security/fortify/internal/linux"
@ -18,7 +16,7 @@ type appSealSys struct {
 	// default formatted XDG_RUNTIME_DIR of User
 	runtime string
 	// target user sealed from config
-	user *user.User
+	user appUser

 	// mapped uid and gid in user namespace
 	mappedID int
@ -32,6 +30,28 @@ type appSealSys struct {
 	// protected by upstream mutex
 }

+type appUser struct {
+	// full uid resolved by fsu
+	uid int
+	// string representation of uid
+	us string
+
+	// supplementary group ids
+	supp []string
+
+	// application id
+	aid int
+	// string representation of aid
+	as string
+
+	// home directory host path
+	data string
+	// app user home directory
+	home string
+	// passwd database username
+	username string
+}
+
 // shareAll calls all share methods in sequence
 func (seal *appSeal) shareAll(bus [2]*dbus.Config, os linux.System) error {
 	if seal.shared {
--- a/internal/fmsg/defer.go
+++ b/internal/fmsg/defer.go
@ -33,16 +33,17 @@ func dequeue() {
 // queue submits ops to msgbuf but drops messages
 // when the buffer is full and dequeue is withholding
 func queue(op dOp) {
+	queueSync.Add(1)
+
 	select {
 	case msgbuf <- op:
-		queueSync.Add(1)
 	default:
 		// send the op anyway if not withholding
 		// as dequeue will get to it eventually
 		if !wstate.Load() {
-			queueSync.Add(1)
 			msgbuf <- op
 		} else {
+			queueSync.Done()
 			// increment dropped message count
 			dropped.Add(1)
 		}
@ -56,9 +57,10 @@ func Exit(code int) {
 	os.Exit(code)
 }

-func Withhold() {
+func Suspend() {
 	dequeueOnce.Do(dequeue)
 	if wstate.CompareAndSwap(false, true) {
+		queueSync.Wait()
 		withhold <- struct{}{}
 	}
 }
--- a/internal/linux/interface.go
+++ b/internal/linux/interface.go
@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 package linux

 import (
+	"io"
 	"io/fs"
 	"os/user"
 	"path"
@ -21,8 +22,8 @@ type System interface {
 	LookPath(file string) (string, error)
 	// Executable provides [os.Executable].
 	Executable() (string, error)
-	// Lookup provides [user.Lookup].
-	Lookup(username string) (*user.User, error)
+	// LookupGroup provides [user.LookupGroup].
+	LookupGroup(name string) (*user.Group, error)
 	// ReadDir provides [os.ReadDir].
 	ReadDir(name string) ([]fs.DirEntry, error)
 	// Stat provides [os.Stat].
@ -31,11 +32,13 @@ type System interface {
 	Open(name string) (fs.File, error)
 	// Exit provides [os.Exit].
 	Exit(code int)
+	// Stdout provides [os.Stdout].
+	Stdout() io.Writer

-	// FshimPath returns an absolute path to the fshim binary.
-	FshimPath() string
 	// Paths returns a populated [Paths] struct.
 	Paths() Paths
+	// Uid invokes fsu and returns target uid.
+	Uid(aid int) (int, error)
 	// SdBooted implements https://www.freedesktop.org/software/systemd/man/sd_booted.html
 	SdBooted() bool
 }
--- a/internal/linux/std.go
+++ b/internal/linux/std.go
@ -2,10 +2,12 @@ package linux

 import (
 	"errors"
+	"io"
 	"io/fs"
 	"os"
 	"os/exec"
 	"os/user"
+	"strconv"
 	"sync"

 	"git.ophivana.moe/security/fortify/internal"
@ -20,8 +22,12 @@ type Std struct {
 	sdBooted     bool
 	sdBootedOnce sync.Once

-	fshim     string
-	fshimOnce sync.Once
+	uidOnce sync.Once
+	uidCopy map[int]struct {
+		uid int
+		err error
+	}
+	uidMu sync.RWMutex
 }

 func (s *Std) Geteuid() int                                 { return os.Geteuid() }
@ -29,31 +35,62 @@ func (s *Std) LookupEnv(key string) (string, bool)        { return os.LookupEnv(
 func (s *Std) TempDir() string                              { return os.TempDir() }
 func (s *Std) LookPath(file string) (string, error)         { return exec.LookPath(file) }
 func (s *Std) Executable() (string, error)                  { return os.Executable() }
-func (s *Std) Lookup(username string) (*user.User, error) { return user.Lookup(username) }
+func (s *Std) LookupGroup(name string) (*user.Group, error) { return user.LookupGroup(name) }
 func (s *Std) ReadDir(name string) ([]os.DirEntry, error)   { return os.ReadDir(name) }
 func (s *Std) Stat(name string) (fs.FileInfo, error)        { return os.Stat(name) }
 func (s *Std) Open(name string) (fs.File, error)            { return os.Open(name) }
 func (s *Std) Exit(code int)                                { fmsg.Exit(code) }
+func (s *Std) Stdout() io.Writer                            { return os.Stdout }

 const xdgRuntimeDir = "XDG_RUNTIME_DIR"

-func (s *Std) FshimPath() string {
-	s.fshimOnce.Do(func() {
-		p, ok := internal.Path(internal.Fshim)
-		if !ok {
-			fmsg.Fatal("invalid fshim path, this copy of fortify is not compiled correctly")
-		}
-		s.fshim = p
-	})
-
-	return s.fshim
-}
-
 func (s *Std) Paths() Paths {
 	s.pathsOnce.Do(func() { CopyPaths(s, &s.paths) })
 	return s.paths
 }

+func (s *Std) Uid(aid int) (int, error) {
+	s.uidOnce.Do(func() {
+		s.uidCopy = make(map[int]struct {
+			uid int
+			err error
+		})
+	})
+
+	s.uidMu.RLock()
+	if u, ok := s.uidCopy[aid]; ok {
+		s.uidMu.RUnlock()
+		return u.uid, u.err
+	}
+
+	s.uidMu.RUnlock()
+	s.uidMu.Lock()
+	defer s.uidMu.Unlock()
+
+	u := struct {
+		uid int
+		err error
+	}{}
+	defer func() { s.uidCopy[aid] = u }()
+
+	u.uid = -1
+	if fsu, ok := internal.Check(internal.Fsu); !ok {
+		fmsg.Fatal("invalid fsu path, this copy of fshim is not compiled correctly")
+		panic("unreachable")
+	} else {
+		cmd := exec.Command(fsu)
+		cmd.Path = fsu
+		cmd.Stderr = os.Stderr // pass through fatal messages
+		cmd.Env = []string{"FORTIFY_APP_ID=" + strconv.Itoa(aid)}
+		cmd.Dir = "/"
+		var p []byte
+		if p, u.err = cmd.Output(); u.err == nil {
+			u.uid, u.err = strconv.Atoi(string(p))
+		}
+		return u.uid, u.err
+	}
+}
+
 func (s *Std) SdBooted() bool {
 	s.sdBootedOnce.Do(func() { s.sdBooted = copySdBooted() })
 	return s.sdBooted
--- a/internal/path.go
+++ b/internal/path.go
@ -4,7 +4,6 @@ import "path"

 var (
 	Fsu   = compPoison
-	Fshim = compPoison
 	Finit = compPoison
 )

--- a/internal/state/print.go
+++ b/internal/state/print.go
@ -67,10 +67,10 @@ func (s *simpleStore) mustPrintLauncherState(w **tabwriter.Writer, now time.Time

 				// write header when initialising
 				if !fmsg.Verbose() {
-					_, _ = fmt.Fprintln(*w, "\tUID\tPID\tUptime\tEnablements\tMethod\tCommand")
+					_, _ = fmt.Fprintln(*w, "\tPID\tApp\tUptime\tEnablements\tCommand")
 				} else {
 					// argv is emitted in body when verbose
-					_, _ = fmt.Fprintln(*w, "\tUID\tPID\tArgv")
+					_, _ = fmt.Fprintln(*w, "\tPID\tApp\tArgv")
 				}
 			}

@ -96,13 +96,13 @@ func (s *simpleStore) mustPrintLauncherState(w **tabwriter.Writer, now time.Time
 				}

 				if !fmsg.Verbose() {
-					_, _ = fmt.Fprintf(*w, "\t%s\t%d\t%s\t%s\t%s\t%s\n",
-						s.path[len(s.path)-1], state.PID, now.Sub(state.Time).Round(time.Second).String(), strings.TrimPrefix(ets.String(), ", "), state.Method,
+					_, _ = fmt.Fprintf(*w, "\t%d\t%s\t%s\t%s\t%s\n",
+						state.PID, s.path[len(s.path)-1], now.Sub(state.Time).Round(time.Second).String(), strings.TrimPrefix(ets.String(), ", "),
 						state.Command)
 				} else {
 					// emit argv instead when verbose
-					_, _ = fmt.Fprintf(*w, "\t%s\t%d\t%s\n",
-						s.path[len(s.path)-1], state.PID, state.Argv)
+					_, _ = fmt.Fprintf(*w, "\t%d\t%s\t%s\n",
+						state.PID, s.path[len(s.path)-1], state.Argv)
 				}
 			}

--- a/internal/state/state.go
+++ b/internal/state/state.go
@ -33,8 +33,6 @@ type State struct {
 	// capability enablements applied to child
 	Capability system.Enablements

-	// user switch method
-	Method string
 	// full argv whe launching
 	Argv []string
 	// process start time
--- a/license.go
+++ b/license.go
@ -1,25 +0,0 @@
-package main
-
-import (
-	_ "embed"
-	"flag"
-	"fmt"
-)
-
-var (
-	//go:embed LICENSE
-	license string
-
-	printLicense bool
-)
-
-func init() {
-	flag.BoolVar(&printLicense, "license", false, "Print license")
-}
-
-func tryLicense() {
-	if printLicense {
-		fmt.Println(license)
-		os.Exit(0)
-	}
-}
--- a/main.go
+++ b/main.go
@ -1,16 +1,30 @@
 package main

 import (
+	_ "embed"
+	"encoding/json"
 	"flag"
+	"fmt"
+	"os/user"
+	"strconv"
+	"strings"
+	"sync"
+	"text/tabwriter"

+	"git.ophivana.moe/security/fortify/dbus"
 	"git.ophivana.moe/security/fortify/internal"
 	"git.ophivana.moe/security/fortify/internal/app"
 	"git.ophivana.moe/security/fortify/internal/fmsg"
 	"git.ophivana.moe/security/fortify/internal/linux"
+	"git.ophivana.moe/security/fortify/internal/state"
+	"git.ophivana.moe/security/fortify/internal/system"
 )

 var (
 	flagVerbose bool
+
+	//go:embed LICENSE
+	license string
 )

 func init() {
@ -19,38 +33,257 @@ func init() {

 var os = new(linux.Std)

+type gl []string
+
+func (g *gl) String() string {
+	if g == nil {
+		return "<nil>"
+	}
+	return strings.Join(*g, " ")
+}
+
+func (g *gl) Set(v string) error {
+	*g = append(*g, v)
+	return nil
+}
+
 func main() {
 	if err := internal.PR_SET_DUMPABLE__SUID_DUMP_DISABLE(); err != nil {
 		fmsg.Printf("cannot set SUID_DUMP_DISABLE: %s", err)
 		// not fatal: this program runs as the privileged user
 	}

-	flag.Parse()
-	fmsg.SetVerbose(flagVerbose)
-
-	if os.SdBooted() {
-		fmsg.VPrintln("system booted with systemd as init system")
-	}
-
-	// root check
 	if os.Geteuid() == 0 {
 		fmsg.Fatal("this program must not run as root")
 		panic("unreachable")
 	}

-	// version/license/template command early exit
-	tryVersion()
-	tryLicense()
-	tryTemplate()
+	flag.CommandLine.Usage = func() {
+		fmt.Println()
+		fmt.Println("Usage:\tfortify [-v] COMMAND [OPTIONS]")
+		fmt.Println()
+		fmt.Println("Commands:")
+		w := tabwriter.NewWriter(os.Stdout(), 0, 1, 4, ' ', 0)
+		commands := [][2]string{
+			{"app", "Launch app defined by the specified config file"},
+			{"run", "Configure and start a permissive default sandbox"},
+			{"ps", "List active apps and their state"},
+			{"version", "Show fortify version"},
+			{"license", "Show full license text"},
+			{"template", "Produce a config template"},
+			{"help", "Show this help message"},
+		}
+		for _, c := range commands {
+			_, _ = fmt.Fprintf(w, "\t%s\t%s\n", c[0], c[1])
+		}
+		if err := w.Flush(); err != nil {
+			fmt.Printf("fortify: cannot write command list: %v\n", err)
+		}
+		fmt.Println()
+	}
+	flag.Parse()
+	fmsg.SetVerbose(flagVerbose)

-	// state query command early exit
-	tryState()
+	args := flag.Args()
+	if len(args) == 0 {
+		flag.CommandLine.Usage()
+		fmsg.Exit(0)
+	}
+
+	switch args[0] {
+	case "version": // print version string
+		if v, ok := internal.Check(internal.Version); ok {
+			fmt.Println(v)
+		} else {
+			fmt.Println("impure")
+		}
+		fmsg.Exit(0)
+	case "license": // print embedded license
+		fmt.Println(license)
+		fmsg.Exit(0)
+	case "template": // print full template configuration
+		if s, err := json.MarshalIndent(app.Template(), "", "  "); err != nil {
+			fmsg.Fatalf("cannot generate template: %v", err)
+			panic("unreachable")
+		} else {
+			fmt.Println(string(s))
+		}
+		fmsg.Exit(0)
+	case "help": // print help message
+		flag.CommandLine.Usage()
+		fmsg.Exit(0)
+	case "ps": // print all state info
+		var w *tabwriter.Writer
+		state.MustPrintLauncherStateSimpleGlobal(&w, os.Paths().RunDirPath)
+		if w != nil {
+			if err := w.Flush(); err != nil {
+				fmsg.Println("cannot format output:", err)
+			}
+		} else {
+			fmt.Println("No information available")
+		}
+
+		fmsg.Exit(0)
+	case "app": // launch app from configuration file
+		if len(args) < 2 {
+			fmsg.Fatal("app requires at least 1 argument")
+		}
+
+		config := new(app.Config)
+		if f, err := os.Open(args[1]); err != nil {
+			fmsg.Fatalf("cannot access config file %q: %s", args[1], err)
+			panic("unreachable")
+		} else if err = json.NewDecoder(f).Decode(&config); err != nil {
+			fmsg.Fatalf("cannot parse config file %q: %s", args[1], err)
+			panic("unreachable")
+		}
+
+		// append extra args
+		config.Command = append(config.Command, args[2:]...)

 		// invoke app
+		runApp(config)
+	case "run": // run app in permissive defaults usage pattern
+		set := flag.NewFlagSet("run", flag.ExitOnError)
+
+		var (
+			dbusConfigSession string
+			dbusConfigSystem  string
+			dbusID            string
+			mpris             bool
+			dbusVerbose       bool
+
+			aid         int
+			groups      gl
+			homeDir     string
+			userName    string
+			enablements [system.ELen]bool
+		)
+
+		set.StringVar(&dbusConfigSession, "dbus-config", "builtin", "Path to D-Bus proxy config file, or \"builtin\" for defaults")
+		set.StringVar(&dbusConfigSystem, "dbus-system", "nil", "Path to system D-Bus proxy config file, or \"nil\" to disable")
+		set.StringVar(&dbusID, "dbus-id", "", "D-Bus ID of application, leave empty to disable own paths, has no effect if custom config is available")
+		set.BoolVar(&mpris, "mpris", false, "Allow owning MPRIS D-Bus path, has no effect if custom config is available")
+		set.BoolVar(&dbusVerbose, "dbus-log", false, "Force logging in the D-Bus proxy")
+
+		set.IntVar(&aid, "a", 0, "Fortify application ID")
+		set.Var(&groups, "g", "Groups inherited by the app process")
+		set.StringVar(&homeDir, "d", "os", "Application home directory")
+		set.StringVar(&userName, "u", "chronos", "Passwd name within sandbox")
+		set.BoolVar(&enablements[system.EWayland], "wayland", false, "Share Wayland socket")
+		set.BoolVar(&enablements[system.EX11], "X", false, "Share X11 socket and allow connection")
+		set.BoolVar(&enablements[system.EDBus], "dbus", false, "Proxy D-Bus connection")
+		set.BoolVar(&enablements[system.EPulse], "pulse", false, "Share PulseAudio socket and cookie")
+
+		// Ignore errors; set is set for ExitOnError.
+		_ = set.Parse(args[1:])
+
+		// initialise config from flags
+		config := &app.Config{
+			ID:      dbusID,
+			Command: set.Args(),
+		}
+
+		if aid < 0 || aid > 9999 {
+			fmsg.Fatalf("aid %d out of range", aid)
+			panic("unreachable")
+		}
+
+		// resolve home/username from os when flag is unset
+		var (
+			passwd     *user.User
+			passwdOnce sync.Once
+			passwdFunc = func() {
+				var us string
+				if uid, err := os.Uid(aid); err != nil {
+					fmsg.Fatalf("cannot obtain uid from fsu: %v", err)
+				} else {
+					us = strconv.Itoa(uid)
+				}
+
+				if u, err := user.LookupId(us); err != nil {
+					fmsg.VPrintf("cannot look up uid %s", us)
+					passwd = &user.User{
+						Uid:      us,
+						Gid:      us,
+						Username: "chronos",
+						Name:     "Fortify",
+						HomeDir:  "/var/empty",
+					}
+				} else {
+					passwd = u
+				}
+			}
+		)
+
+		if homeDir == "os" {
+			passwdOnce.Do(passwdFunc)
+			homeDir = passwd.HomeDir
+		}
+
+		if userName == "chronos" {
+			passwdOnce.Do(passwdFunc)
+			userName = passwd.Username
+		}
+
+		config.Confinement.AppID = aid
+		config.Confinement.Groups = groups
+		config.Confinement.Outer = homeDir
+		config.Confinement.Username = userName
+
+		// enablements from flags
+		for i := system.Enablement(0); i < system.Enablement(system.ELen); i++ {
+			if enablements[i] {
+				config.Confinement.Enablements.Set(i)
+			}
+		}
+
+		// parse D-Bus config file from flags if applicable
+		if enablements[system.EDBus] {
+			if dbusConfigSession == "builtin" {
+				config.Confinement.SessionBus = dbus.NewConfig(dbusID, true, mpris)
+			} else {
+				if c, err := dbus.NewConfigFromFile(dbusConfigSession); err != nil {
+					fmsg.Fatalf("cannot load session bus proxy config from %q: %s", dbusConfigSession, err)
+				} else {
+					config.Confinement.SessionBus = c
+				}
+			}
+
+			// system bus proxy is optional
+			if dbusConfigSystem != "nil" {
+				if c, err := dbus.NewConfigFromFile(dbusConfigSystem); err != nil {
+					fmsg.Fatalf("cannot load system bus proxy config from %q: %s", dbusConfigSystem, err)
+				} else {
+					config.Confinement.SystemBus = c
+				}
+			}
+
+			// override log from configuration
+			if dbusVerbose {
+				config.Confinement.SessionBus.Log = true
+				config.Confinement.SystemBus.Log = true
+			}
+		}
+
+		// invoke app
+		runApp(config)
+	default:
+		fmsg.Fatalf("%q is not a valid command", args[0])
+	}
+
+	panic("unreachable")
+}
+
+func runApp(config *app.Config) {
+	if os.SdBooted() {
+		fmsg.VPrintln("system booted with systemd as init system")
+	}
+
 	a, err := app.New(os)
 	if err != nil {
 		fmsg.Fatalf("cannot create app: %s\n", err)
-	} else if err = a.Seal(loadConfig()); err != nil {
+	} else if err = a.Seal(config); err != nil {
 		logBaseError(err, "cannot seal app:")
 		fmsg.Exit(1)
 	} else if err = a.Start(); err != nil {
@ -69,4 +302,5 @@ func main() {
 		fmsg.Println("inner wait failed:", err)
 	}
 	fmsg.Exit(r)
+	panic("unreachable")
 }
--- a/nixos.nix
+++ b/nixos.nix
@ -7,290 +7,212 @@

 let
  inherit (lib)
-    types
-    mkOption
-    mkEnableOption
    mkIf
+    mkDefault
    mapAttrs
    mapAttrsToList
+    mergeAttrsList
+    imap1
+    foldr
    foldlAttrs
    optional
+    optionals
    ;

  cfg = config.environment.fortify;
 in

 {
-  options = {
-    environment.fortify = {
-      enable = mkEnableOption "fortify";
-
-      target = mkOption {
-        default = { };
-        type =
-          let
-            inherit (types)
-              str
-              enum
-              bool
-              package
-              anything
-              submodule
-              listOf
-              attrsOf
-              nullOr
-              ;
-          in
-          attrsOf (submodule {
-            options = {
-              packages = mkOption {
-                type = listOf package;
-                default = [ ];
-                description = ''
-                  List of extra packages to install via home-manager.
-                '';
-              };
-
-              launchers = mkOption {
-                type = attrsOf (submodule {
-                  options = {
-                    command = mkOption {
-                      type = nullOr str;
-                      default = null;
-                      description = ''
-                        Command to run as the target user.
-                        Setting this to null will default command to wrapper name.
-                      '';
-                    };
-
-                    dbus = {
-                      config = mkOption {
-                        type = nullOr anything;
-                        default = null;
-                        description = ''
-                          D-Bus custom configuration.
-                          Setting this to null will enable built-in defaults.
-                        '';
-                      };
-
-                      configSystem = mkOption {
-                        type = nullOr anything;
-                        default = null;
-                        description = ''
-                          D-Bus system bus custom configuration.
-                          Setting this to null will disable the system bus proxy.
-                        '';
-                      };
-
-                      id = mkOption {
-                        type = nullOr str;
-                        default = null;
-                        description = ''
-                          D-Bus application id.
-                          Setting this to null will disable own path in defaults.
-                          Has no effect if custom configuration is set.
-                        '';
-                      };
-
-                      mpris = mkOption {
-                        type = bool;
-                        default = false;
-                        description = ''
-                          Whether to enable MPRIS in D-Bus defaults.
-                        '';
-                      };
-                    };
-
-                    capability = {
-                      wayland = mkOption {
-                        type = bool;
-                        default = true;
-                        description = ''
-                          Whether to share the Wayland socket.
-                        '';
-                      };
-
-                      x11 = mkOption {
-                        type = bool;
-                        default = false;
-                        description = ''
-                          Whether to share the X11 socket and allow connection.
-                        '';
-                      };
-
-                      dbus = mkOption {
-                        type = bool;
-                        default = true;
-                        description = ''
-                          Whether to proxy D-Bus.
-                        '';
-                      };
-
-                      pulse = mkOption {
-                        type = bool;
-                        default = true;
-                        description = ''
-                          Whether to share the PulseAudio socket and cookie.
-                        '';
-                      };
-                    };
-
-                    share = mkOption {
-                      type = nullOr package;
-                      default = null;
-                      description = ''
-                        Package containing share files.
-                        Setting this to null will default package name to wrapper name.
-                      '';
-                    };
-
-                    method = mkOption {
-                      type = enum [
-                        "simple"
-                        "sudo"
-                        "systemd"
-                      ];
-                      default = "systemd";
-                      description = ''
-                        Launch method for the sandboxed program.
-                      '';
-                    };
-                  };
-                });
-                default = { };
-              };
-
-              persistence = mkOption {
-                type = submodule {
-                  options = {
-                    directories = mkOption {
-                      type = listOf anything;
-                      default = [ ];
-                    };
-
-                    files = mkOption {
-                      type = listOf anything;
-                      default = [ ];
-                    };
-                  };
-                };
-                description = ''
-                  Per-user state passed to github:nix-community/impermanence.
-                '';
-              };
-
-              extraConfig = mkOption {
-                type = anything;
-                default = { };
-                description = "Extra home-manager configuration.";
-              };
-            };
-          });
-      };
-
-      package = mkOption {
-        type = types.package;
-        default = pkgs.callPackage ./package.nix { };
-        description = "Package providing fortify.";
-      };
-
-      user = mkOption {
-        type = types.str;
-        description = "Privileged user account.";
-      };
-
-      stateDir = mkOption {
-        type = types.str;
-        description = ''
-          The path to persistent storage where per-user state should be stored.
-        '';
-      };
-    };
-  };
+  imports = [ ./options.nix ];

  config = mkIf cfg.enable {
-    environment.persistence.${cfg.stateDir}.users = mapAttrs (_: target: target.persistence) cfg.target;
-
-    home-manager.users =
-      mapAttrs (_: target: target.extraConfig // { home.packages = target.packages; }) cfg.target
-      // {
-        ${cfg.user}.home.packages =
-          let
-            wrap =
-              user: launchers:
-              mapAttrsToList (
-                name: launcher:
-                with launcher.capability;
-                let
-                  command = if launcher.command == null then name else launcher.command;
-                  dbusConfig =
-                    if launcher.dbus.config != null then
-                      pkgs.writeText "${name}-dbus.json" (builtins.toJSON launcher.dbus.config)
-                    else
-                      null;
-                  dbusSystem =
-                    if launcher.dbus.configSystem != null then
-                      pkgs.writeText "${name}-dbus-system.json" (builtins.toJSON launcher.dbus.configSystem)
-                    else
-                      null;
-                  capArgs =
-                    (if wayland then " --wayland" else "")
-                    + (if x11 then " -X" else "")
-                    + (if dbus then " --dbus" else "")
-                    + (if pulse then " --pulse" else "")
-                    + (if launcher.dbus.mpris then " --mpris" else "")
-                    + (if launcher.dbus.id != null then " --dbus-id ${launcher.dbus.id}" else "")
-                    + (if dbusConfig != null then " --dbus-config ${dbusConfig}" else "")
-                    + (if dbusSystem != null then " --dbus-system ${dbusSystem}" else "");
-                in
-                pkgs.writeShellScriptBin name (
-                  if launcher.method == "simple" then
-                    ''
-                      exec sudo -u ${user} -i ${command} $@
-                    ''
-                  else
-                    ''
-                      exec fortify${capArgs} --method ${launcher.method} -u ${user} $SHELL -c "exec ${command} $@"
-                    ''
-                )
-              ) launchers;
-          in
-          foldlAttrs (
-            acc: user: target:
-            acc
-            ++ (foldlAttrs (
-              shares: name: launcher:
-              let
-                pkg = if launcher.share != null then launcher.share else pkgs.${name};
-                link = source: "[ -d '${source}' ] && ln -sv '${source}' $out/share || true";
-              in
-              shares
-              ++
-                optional (launcher.method != "simple" && (launcher.capability.wayland || launcher.capability.x11))
-                  (
-                    pkgs.runCommand "${name}-share" { } ''
-                      mkdir -p $out/share
-                      ${link "${pkg}/share/applications"}
-                      ${link "${pkg}/share/icons"}
-                      ${link "${pkg}/share/man"}
-                    ''
-                  )
-            ) (wrap user target.launchers) target.launchers)
-          ) [ cfg.package ] cfg.target;
+    security.wrappers.fsu = {
+      source = "${cfg.package}/libexec/fsu";
+      setuid = true;
+      owner = "root";
+      setgid = true;
+      group = "root";
    };

-    security.polkit.extraConfig =
-      let
-        allowList = builtins.toJSON (mapAttrsToList (name: _: name) cfg.target);
-      in
-      ''
-        polkit.addRule(function(action, subject) {
-          if (action.id == "org.freedesktop.machine1.host-shell" &&
-            ${allowList}.indexOf(action.lookup("user")) > -1 &&
-            subject.user == "${cfg.user}") {
-                return polkit.Result.YES;
+    environment.etc = {
+      fsurc = {
+        mode = "0400";
+        text = foldlAttrs (
+          acc: username: fid:
+          "${toString config.users.users.${username}.uid} ${toString fid}\n" + acc
+        ) "" cfg.users;
+      };
+
+      userdb.source = pkgs.runCommand "fortify-userdb" { } ''
+        ${cfg.package}/libexec/fuserdb -o $out ${
+          foldlAttrs (
+            acc: username: fid:
+            acc + " ${username}:${toString fid}"
+          ) "-s /run/current-system/sw/bin/nologin -d ${cfg.stateDir}" cfg.users
        }
-        });
      '';
    };
+
+    services.userdbd.enable = mkDefault true;
+
+    home-manager =
+      let
+        privPackages = mapAttrs (username: fid: {
+          home.packages =
+            let
+              # aid 0 is reserved
+              wrappers = imap1 (
+                aid: app:
+                let
+                  extendDBusDefault = id: ext: {
+                    filter = true;
+
+                    talk = [ "org.freedesktop.Notifications" ] ++ ext.talk;
+                    own =
+                      (optionals (app.id != null) [
+                        "${id}.*"
+                        "org.mpris.MediaPlayer2.${id}.*"
+                      ])
+                      ++ ext.own;
+
+                    inherit (ext) call broadcast;
+                  };
+                  dbusConfig =
+                    let
+                      default = {
+                        talk = [ ];
+                        own = [ ];
+                        call = { };
+                        broadcast = { };
+                      };
+                    in
+                    {
+                      session_bus =
+                        if app.dbus.session != null then
+                          (app.dbus.session (extendDBusDefault app.id))
+                        else
+                          (extendDBusDefault app.id default);
+                      system_bus = app.dbus.system;
+                    };
+                  command = if app.command == null then app.name else app.command;
+                  script = if app.script == null then ("exec " + command + " $@") else app.script;
+                  enablements =
+                    with app.capability;
+                    (if wayland then 1 else 0)
+                    + (if x11 then 2 else 0)
+                    + (if dbus then 4 else 0)
+                    + (if pulse then 8 else 0);
+                  conf = {
+                    inherit (app) id;
+                    command = [
+                      (pkgs.writeScript "${app.name}-start" ''
+                        #!${pkgs.zsh}${pkgs.zsh.shellPath}
+                        ${script}
+                      '')
+                    ];
+                    confinement = {
+                      app_id = aid;
+                      inherit (app) groups;
+                      username = "u${toString fid}_a${toString aid}";
+                      home = "${cfg.stateDir}/${toString fid}/${toString aid}";
+                      sandbox = {
+                        inherit (app)
+                          userns
+                          net
+                          dev
+                          env
+                          ;
+                        map_real_uid = app.mapRealUid;
+                        filesystem =
+                          [
+                            { src = "/bin"; }
+                            { src = "/usr/bin"; }
+                            { src = "/nix/store"; }
+                            { src = "/run/current-system"; }
+                            {
+                              src = "/sys/block";
+                              require = false;
+                            }
+                            {
+                              src = "/sys/bus";
+                              require = false;
+                            }
+                            {
+                              src = "/sys/class";
+                              require = false;
+                            }
+                            {
+                              src = "/sys/dev";
+                              require = false;
+                            }
+                            {
+                              src = "/sys/devices";
+                              require = false;
+                            }
+                          ]
+                          ++ optionals app.nix [
+                            { src = "/nix/var"; }
+                            { src = "/var/db/nix-channels"; }
+                          ]
+                          ++ optionals (if app.gpu != null then app.gpu else app.capability.wayland || app.capability.x11) [
+                            { src = "/run/opengl-driver"; }
+                            {
+                              src = "/dev/dri";
+                              dev = true;
+                            }
+                          ]
+                          ++ app.extraPaths;
+                        auto_etc = true;
+                        override = [ "/var/run/nscd" ];
+                      };
+                      inherit enablements;
+                      inherit (dbusConfig) session_bus system_bus;
+                    };
+                  };
+                in
+                pkgs.writeShellScriptBin app.name ''
+                  exec fortify app ${pkgs.writeText "fortify-${app.name}.json" (builtins.toJSON conf)} $@
+                ''
+              ) cfg.apps;
+            in
+            foldr (
+              app: acc:
+              let
+                pkg = if app.share != null then app.share else pkgs.${app.name};
+                copy = source: "[ -d '${source}' ] && cp -Lrv '${source}' $out/share || true";
+              in
+              optional (app.capability.wayland || app.capability.x11) (
+                pkgs.runCommand "${app.name}-share" { } ''
+                  mkdir -p $out/share
+                  ${copy "${pkg}/share/applications"}
+                  ${copy "${pkg}/share/pixmaps"}
+                  ${copy "${pkg}/share/icons"}
+                  ${copy "${pkg}/share/man"}
+
+                  substituteInPlace $out/share/applications/* \
+                    --replace-warn '${pkg}/bin/' "" \
+                    --replace-warn '${pkg}/libexec/' ""
+                ''
+              )
+              ++ acc
+            ) (wrappers ++ [ cfg.package ]) cfg.apps;
+        }) cfg.users;
+      in
+      {
+        useUserPackages = false; # prevent users.users entries from being added
+
+        users = foldlAttrs (
+          acc: _: fid:
+          mergeAttrsList (
+            # aid 0 is reserved
+            imap1 (aid: app: {
+              "u${toString fid}_a${toString aid}" = app.extraConfig // {
+                home.packages = app.packages;
+              };
+            }) cfg.apps
+          )
+          // acc
+        ) privPackages cfg.users;
+      };
+  };
 }
--- a/options.md
+++ b/options.md
@ -0,0 +1,531 @@
+## environment\.fortify\.enable
+
+
+
+Whether to enable fortify\.
+
+
+
+*Type:*
+boolean
+
+
+
+*Default:*
+` false `
+
+
+
+*Example:*
+` true `
+
+
+
+
+## environment\.fortify\.package
+
+
+
+The fortify package to use\.
+
+
+
+*Type:*
+package
+
+
+
+*Default:*
+` <derivation fortify-0.1.0> `
+
+
+
+
+## environment\.fortify\.apps
+
+Declarative fortify apps\.
+
+
+
+*Type:*
+list of (submodule)
+
+
+
+*Default:*
+` [ ] `
+
+
+
+
+## environment\.fortify\.apps\.\*\.packages
+
+
+
+List of extra packages to install via home-manager\.
+
+
+
+*Type:*
+list of package
+
+
+
+*Default:*
+` [ ] `
+
+
+
+
+## environment\.fortify\.apps\.\*\.capability\.dbus
+
+
+
+Whether to proxy D-Bus\.
+
+
+
+*Type:*
+boolean
+
+
+
+*Default:*
+` true `
+
+
+
+
+## environment\.fortify\.apps\.\*\.capability\.pulse
+
+
+
+Whether to share the PulseAudio socket and cookie\.
+
+
+
+*Type:*
+boolean
+
+
+
+*Default:*
+` true `
+
+
+
+
+## environment\.fortify\.apps\.\*\.capability\.wayland
+
+
+
+Whether to share the Wayland socket\.
+
+
+
+*Type:*
+boolean
+
+
+
+*Default:*
+` true `
+
+
+
+
+## environment\.fortify\.apps\.\*\.capability\.x11
+
+
+
+Whether to share the X11 socket and allow connection\.
+
+
+
+*Type:*
+boolean
+
+
+
+*Default:*
+` false `
+
+
+
+
+## environment\.fortify\.apps\.\*\.command
+
+
+
+Command to run as the target user\.
+Setting this to null will default command to launcher name\.
+Has no effect when script is set\.
+
+
+
+*Type:*
+null or string
+
+
+
+*Default:*
+` null `
+
+
+
+
+## environment\.fortify\.apps\.\*\.dbus\.session
+
+
+
+D-Bus session bus custom configuration\.
+Setting this to null will enable built-in defaults\.
+
+
+
+*Type:*
+null or (function that evaluates to a(n) anything)
+
+
+
+*Default:*
+` null `
+
+
+
+
+## environment\.fortify\.apps\.\*\.dbus\.system
+
+
+
+D-Bus system bus custom configuration\.
+Setting this to null will disable the system bus proxy\.
+
+
+
+*Type:*
+null or anything
+
+
+
+*Default:*
+` null `
+
+
+
+
+## environment\.fortify\.apps\.\*\.dev
+
+
+
+Whether to enable access to all devices within the sandbox\.
+
+
+
+*Type:*
+boolean
+
+
+
+*Default:*
+` false `
+
+
+
+*Example:*
+` true `
+
+
+
+
+## environment\.fortify\.apps\.\*\.env
+
+
+
+Environment variables to set for the initial process in the sandbox\.
+
+
+
+*Type:*
+null or (attribute set of string)
+
+
+
+*Default:*
+` null `
+
+
+
+
+## environment\.fortify\.apps\.\*\.extraConfig
+
+
+
+Extra home-manager configuration\.
+
+
+
+*Type:*
+anything
+
+
+
+*Default:*
+` { } `
+
+
+
+
+## environment\.fortify\.apps\.\*\.extraPaths
+
+
+
+Extra paths to make available to the sandbox\.
+
+
+
+*Type:*
+list of anything
+
+
+
+*Default:*
+` [ ] `
+
+
+
+
+## environment\.fortify\.apps\.\*\.gpu
+
+
+
+Target process GPU and driver access\.
+Setting this to null will enable GPU whenever X or Wayland is enabled\.
+
+
+
+*Type:*
+null or boolean
+
+
+
+*Default:*
+` null `
+
+
+
+
+## environment\.fortify\.apps\.\*\.groups
+
+
+
+List of groups to inherit from the privileged user\.
+
+
+
+*Type:*
+list of string
+
+
+
+*Default:*
+` [ ] `
+
+
+
+
+## environment\.fortify\.apps\.\*\.id
+
+
+
+Freedesktop application ID\.
+
+
+
+*Type:*
+null or string
+
+
+
+*Default:*
+` null `
+
+
+
+
+## environment\.fortify\.apps\.\*\.mapRealUid
+
+
+
+Whether to enable mapping to fortify’s real UID within the sandbox\.
+
+
+
+*Type:*
+boolean
+
+
+
+*Default:*
+` false `
+
+
+
+*Example:*
+` true `
+
+
+
+
+## environment\.fortify\.apps\.\*\.name
+
+
+
+Name of the app’s launcher script\.
+
+
+
+*Type:*
+string
+
+
+
+
+## environment\.fortify\.apps\.\*\.net
+
+
+
+Whether to enable network access within the sandbox\.
+
+
+
+*Type:*
+boolean
+
+
+
+*Default:*
+` true `
+
+
+
+*Example:*
+` true `
+
+
+
+
+## environment\.fortify\.apps\.\*\.nix
+
+
+
+Whether to enable nix daemon access within the sandbox\.
+
+
+
+*Type:*
+boolean
+
+
+
+*Default:*
+` false `
+
+
+
+*Example:*
+` true `
+
+
+
+
+## environment\.fortify\.apps\.\*\.script
+
+
+
+Application launch script\.
+
+
+
+*Type:*
+null or string
+
+
+
+*Default:*
+` null `
+
+
+
+
+## environment\.fortify\.apps\.\*\.share
+
+
+
+Package containing share files\.
+Setting this to null will default package name to wrapper name\.
+
+
+
+*Type:*
+null or package
+
+
+
+*Default:*
+` null `
+
+
+
+
+## environment\.fortify\.apps\.\*\.userns
+
+
+
+Whether to enable userns within the sandbox\.
+
+
+
+*Type:*
+boolean
+
+
+
+*Default:*
+` false `
+
+
+
+*Example:*
+` true `
+
+
+
+
+## environment\.fortify\.stateDir
+
+
+
+The state directory where app home directories are stored\.
+
+
+
+*Type:*
+string
+
+
+
+
+## environment\.fortify\.users
+
+
+
+Users allowed to spawn fortify apps and their corresponding fortify fid\.
+
+
+
+*Type:*
+attribute set of integer between 0 and 99 (both inclusive)
+
+
+
--- a/options.nix
+++ b/options.nix
@ -0,0 +1,214 @@
+{ lib, pkgs, ... }:
+
+let
+  inherit (lib) types mkOption mkEnableOption;
+in
+
+{
+  options = {
+    environment.fortify = {
+      enable = mkEnableOption "fortify";
+
+      package = mkOption {
+        type = types.package;
+        default = pkgs.callPackage ./package.nix { };
+        description = "The fortify package to use.";
+      };
+
+      users = mkOption {
+        type =
+          let
+            inherit (types) attrsOf ints;
+          in
+          attrsOf (ints.between 0 99);
+        description = ''
+          Users allowed to spawn fortify apps and their corresponding fortify fid.
+        '';
+      };
+
+      apps = mkOption {
+        type =
+          let
+            inherit (types)
+              str
+              enum
+              bool
+              package
+              anything
+              submodule
+              listOf
+              attrsOf
+              nullOr
+              functionTo
+              ;
+          in
+          listOf (submodule {
+            options = {
+              name = mkOption {
+                type = str;
+                description = ''
+                  Name of the app's launcher script.
+                '';
+              };
+
+              id = mkOption {
+                type = nullOr str;
+                default = null;
+                description = ''
+                  Freedesktop application ID.
+                '';
+              };
+
+              packages = mkOption {
+                type = listOf package;
+                default = [ ];
+                description = ''
+                  List of extra packages to install via home-manager.
+                '';
+              };
+
+              extraConfig = mkOption {
+                type = anything;
+                default = { };
+                description = ''
+                  Extra home-manager configuration.
+                '';
+              };
+
+              script = mkOption {
+                type = nullOr str;
+                default = null;
+                description = ''
+                  Application launch script.
+                '';
+              };
+
+              command = mkOption {
+                type = nullOr str;
+                default = null;
+                description = ''
+                  Command to run as the target user.
+                  Setting this to null will default command to launcher name.
+                  Has no effect when script is set.
+                '';
+              };
+
+              groups = mkOption {
+                type = listOf str;
+                default = [ ];
+                description = ''
+                  List of groups to inherit from the privileged user.
+                '';
+              };
+
+              dbus = {
+                session = mkOption {
+                  type = nullOr (functionTo anything);
+                  default = null;
+                  description = ''
+                    D-Bus session bus custom configuration.
+                    Setting this to null will enable built-in defaults.
+                  '';
+                };
+
+                system = mkOption {
+                  type = nullOr anything;
+                  default = null;
+                  description = ''
+                    D-Bus system bus custom configuration.
+                    Setting this to null will disable the system bus proxy.
+                  '';
+                };
+              };
+
+              env = mkOption {
+                type = nullOr (attrsOf str);
+                default = null;
+                description = ''
+                  Environment variables to set for the initial process in the sandbox.
+                '';
+              };
+
+              nix = mkEnableOption "nix daemon access within the sandbox";
+              userns = mkEnableOption "userns within the sandbox";
+              mapRealUid = mkEnableOption "mapping to fortify's real UID within the sandbox";
+              dev = mkEnableOption "access to all devices within the sandbox";
+
+              net = mkEnableOption "network access within the sandbox" // {
+                default = true;
+              };
+
+              gpu = mkOption {
+                type = nullOr bool;
+                default = null;
+                description = ''
+                  Target process GPU and driver access.
+                  Setting this to null will enable GPU whenever X or Wayland is enabled.
+                '';
+              };
+
+              extraPaths = mkOption {
+                type = listOf anything;
+                default = [ ];
+                description = ''
+                  Extra paths to make available to the sandbox.
+                '';
+              };
+
+              capability = {
+                wayland = mkOption {
+                  type = bool;
+                  default = true;
+                  description = ''
+                    Whether to share the Wayland socket.
+                  '';
+                };
+
+                x11 = mkOption {
+                  type = bool;
+                  default = false;
+                  description = ''
+                    Whether to share the X11 socket and allow connection.
+                  '';
+                };
+
+                dbus = mkOption {
+                  type = bool;
+                  default = true;
+                  description = ''
+                    Whether to proxy D-Bus.
+                  '';
+                };
+
+                pulse = mkOption {
+                  type = bool;
+                  default = true;
+                  description = ''
+                    Whether to share the PulseAudio socket and cookie.
+                  '';
+                };
+              };
+
+              share = mkOption {
+                type = nullOr package;
+                default = null;
+                description = ''
+                  Package containing share files.
+                  Setting this to null will default package name to wrapper name.
+                '';
+              };
+            };
+          });
+        default = [ ];
+        description = "Declarative fortify apps.";
+      };
+
+      stateDir = mkOption {
+        type = types.str;
+        description = ''
+          The state directory where app home directories are stored.
+        '';
+      };
+    };
+  };
+}
--- a/package.nix
+++ b/package.nix
@ -10,7 +10,7 @@

 buildGoModule rec {
  pname = "fortify";
-  version = "0.0.11";
+  version = "0.2.1";

  src = ./.;
  vendorHash = null;
@ -29,13 +29,14 @@ buildGoModule rec {
        "-s"
        "-w"
        "-X"
-        "main.Fmain=${placeholder "out"}/bin/.fortify-wrapped"
+        "main.Fmain=${placeholder "out"}/libexec/fortify"
+        "-X"
+        "main.Fshim=${placeholder "out"}/libexec/fshim"
      ]
      {
        Version = "v${version}";
        Fsu = "/run/wrappers/bin/fsu";
-        Fshim = "${placeholder "out"}/bin/.fshim";
-        Finit = "${placeholder "out"}/bin/.finit";
+        Finit = "${placeholder "out"}/libexec/finit";
      };

  buildInputs = [
@ -46,15 +47,15 @@ buildGoModule rec {
  nativeBuildInputs = [ makeBinaryWrapper ];

  postInstall = ''
-    wrapProgram $out/bin/${pname} --prefix PATH : ${
+    mkdir "$out/libexec"
+    mv "$out"/bin/* "$out/libexec/"
+
+    makeBinaryWrapper "$out/libexec/fortify" "$out/bin/fortify" \
+      --inherit-argv0 --prefix PATH : ${
        lib.makeBinPath [
          bubblewrap
          xdg-dbus-proxy
        ]
      }
-
-    mv $out/bin/fsu $out/bin/.fsu
-    mv $out/bin/fshim $out/bin/.fshim
-    mv $out/bin/finit $out/bin/.finit
  '';
 }
--- a/state.go
+++ b/state.go
@ -1,35 +0,0 @@
-package main
-
-import (
-	"flag"
-	"fmt"
-	"text/tabwriter"
-
-	"git.ophivana.moe/security/fortify/internal/fmsg"
-	"git.ophivana.moe/security/fortify/internal/state"
-)
-
-var (
-	stateActionEarly bool
-)
-
-func init() {
-	flag.BoolVar(&stateActionEarly, "state", false, "print state information of active launchers")
-}
-
-// tryState is called after app initialisation
-func tryState() {
-	if stateActionEarly {
-		var w *tabwriter.Writer
-		state.MustPrintLauncherStateSimpleGlobal(&w, os.Paths().RunDirPath)
-		if w != nil {
-			if err := w.Flush(); err != nil {
-				fmsg.Println("cannot format output:", err)
-			}
-		} else {
-			fmt.Println("No information available")
-		}
-
-		fmsg.Exit(0)
-	}
-}
--- a/version.go
+++ b/version.go
@ -1,27 +0,0 @@
-package main
-
-import (
-	"flag"
-	"fmt"
-
-	"git.ophivana.moe/security/fortify/internal"
-)
-
-var (
-	printVersion bool
-)
-
-func init() {
-	flag.BoolVar(&printVersion, "V", false, "Print version")
-}
-
-func tryVersion() {
-	if printVersion {
-		if v, ok := internal.Check(internal.Version); ok {
-			fmt.Println(v)
-		} else {
-			fmt.Println("impure")
-		}
-		os.Exit(0)
-	}
-}
Author	SHA1	Message	Date
Ophestra Umiker	de0d78daae	release: 0.2.1 release / release (push) Successful in 1m4s Details test / test (push) Successful in 20s Details Signed-off-by: Ophestra Umiker <cat@ophivana.moe>	2024-11-19 21:03:50 +09:00
Ophestra Umiker	6bf33ce507	fortify: use resolved username test / test (push) Successful in 21s Details Signed-off-by: Ophestra Umiker <cat@ophivana.moe>	2024-11-19 21:03:09 +09:00
Ophestra Umiker	9faf3b3596	app: validate username test / test (push) Successful in 23s Details This value is used for passwd generation. Bad input can cause very confusing issues. This is not a security issue, however validation will improve user experience. Signed-off-by: Ophestra Umiker <cat@ophivana.moe>	2024-11-19 21:01:41 +09:00
Ophestra Umiker	d99c8b1fb4	release: 0.2.0 release / release (push) Successful in 44s Details test / test (push) Successful in 22s Details Signed-off-by: Ophestra Umiker <cat@ophivana.moe>	2024-11-19 18:15:09 +09:00
Ophestra Umiker	6e4870775f	update README document test / test (push) Successful in 20s Details Signed-off-by: Ophestra Umiker <cat@ophivana.moe>	2024-11-19 18:14:06 +09:00
Ophestra Umiker	0a546885e3	nix: update options doc test / test (push) Successful in 22s Details Signed-off-by: Ophestra Umiker <cat@ophivana.moe>	2024-11-19 18:12:35 +09:00
Ophestra Umiker	653d69da0a	nix: module descriptions test / test (push) Successful in 24s Details Signed-off-by: Ophestra Umiker <cat@ophivana.moe>	2024-11-19 18:10:57 +09:00
Ophestra Umiker	f8256137ae	nix: separate module options from implementation test / test (push) Successful in 25s Details Signed-off-by: Ophestra Umiker <cat@ophivana.moe>	2024-11-19 17:08:22 +09:00
Ophestra Umiker	54b47b0315	nix: copy pixmaps directory to share package test / test (push) Successful in 21s Details Signed-off-by: Ophestra Umiker <cat@ophivana.moe>	2024-11-18 14:46:08 +09:00
Ophestra Umiker	ae2628e57a	cmd/fshim/ipc: install signal handler on shim start test / test (push) Successful in 20s Details Getting killed at this point will result in inconsistent state. Signed-off-by: Ophestra Umiker <cat@ophivana.moe>	2024-11-18 13:33:46 +09:00
Ophestra Umiker	c026a4b5dc	fortify: permissive defaults resolve home directory from os test / test (push) Successful in 21s Details When starting with the permissive defaults "run" command, attempt to resolve home directory from os by default and fall back to /var/empty. Signed-off-by: Ophestra Umiker <cat@ophivana.moe>	2024-11-18 13:01:07 +09:00
Ophestra Umiker	748a0ae2c8	nix: wrap program from libexec test / test (push) Successful in 24s Details This avoids renaming the fortify binary. Signed-off-by: Ophestra Umiker <cat@ophivana.moe>	2024-11-18 12:58:47 +09:00
Ophestra Umiker	8f3f0c7bbf	nix: integrate dynamic users test / test (push) Successful in 21s Details Signed-off-by: Ophestra Umiker <cat@ophivana.moe>	2024-11-18 02:49:48 +09:00
Ophestra Umiker	05b7dbf066	app: alternative inner home path test / test (push) Successful in 24s Details Support binding home to an alternative path in the mount namespace. Signed-off-by: Ophestra Umiker <cat@ophivana.moe>	2024-11-18 00:18:21 +09:00
Ophestra Umiker	866270ff05	fmsg: add to wg prior to enqueue test / test (push) Successful in 27s Details Adding after channel write is racy. Signed-off-by: Ophestra Umiker <cat@ophivana.moe>	2024-11-17 23:50:02 +09:00
Ophestra Umiker	c1fad649e8	app/start: check for cleanup and abort condition test / test (push) Successful in 21s Details Dirty fix. Will rewrite after fsu integration complete. Signed-off-by: Ophestra Umiker <cat@ophivana.moe>	2024-11-17 23:41:52 +09:00
Ophestra Umiker	b5f01ef20b	app: append # for ChangeHosts message with numerical uid test / test (push) Successful in 21s Details Signed-off-by: Ophestra Umiker <cat@ophivana.moe>	2024-11-17 23:40:37 +09:00
Ophestra Umiker	2e23cef7bb	cmd/fuserdb: generate group entries Signed-off-by: Ophestra Umiker <cat@ophivana.moe>	2024-11-17 23:31:06 +09:00
Ophestra Umiker	6a6d30af1f	cmd/fuserdb: systemd userdb drop-in entries generator test / test (push) Successful in 20s Details This provides user records via nss-systemd. Static drop-in entries are generated to reduce complexity and attack surface. Signed-off-by: Ophestra Umiker <cat@ophivana.moe>	2024-11-17 02:16:02 +09:00
Ophestra Umiker	df33123bd7	app: integrate fsu test / test (push) Successful in 21s Details This removes the dependency on external user switchers like sudo/machinectl and decouples fortify user ids from the passwd database. Signed-off-by: Ophestra Umiker <cat@ophivana.moe>	2024-11-16 21:19:45 +09:00
Ophestra Umiker	1a09b55bd4	nix: remove portal paths from default test / test (push) Successful in 27s Details Despite presenting itself as a generic desktop integration interface, xdg-desktop portal is highly flatpak-centric and only supports flatpak and snap in practice. It is a significant attack surface to begin with as it is a privileged process which accepts input from unprivileged processes, and the lack of support for anything other than fortify also introduces various information leaks when exposed to fortify as it treats fortified programs as unsandboxed, privileged programs in many cases. Signed-off-by: Ophestra Umiker <cat@ophivana.moe>	2024-11-10 22:24:17 +09:00
Ophestra Umiker	9a13b311ac	app/config: rename map_real_uid from use_real_uid test / test (push) Successful in 19s Details This option only changes mapped uid in the user namespace. Signed-off-by: Ophestra Umiker <cat@ophivana.moe>	2024-11-09 12:01:34 +09:00
Ophestra Umiker	45fead18c3	cmd/fshim: set no_new_privs flag Signed-off-by: Ophestra Umiker <cat@ophivana.moe>	2024-11-09 11:50:56 +09:00
Ophestra Umiker	431aa32291	nix: remove absolute Exec paths test / test (push) Successful in 26s Details Absolute paths set for Exec causes the program to be launched as the privileged user. Signed-off-by: Ophestra Umiker <cat@ophivana.moe>	2024-11-08 02:05:47 +09:00
Ophestra Umiker	3962705126	nix: keep fshim and finit names test / test (push) Successful in 22s Details Signed-off-by: Ophestra Umiker <cat@ophivana.moe>	2024-11-06 14:59:28 +09:00
Ophestra Umiker	ad80be721b	nix: improve start script test / test (push) Successful in 23s Details Zsh store path in shebang. Replace writeShellScript with writeScript since runtimeShell is not overridable. Signed-off-by: Ophestra Umiker <cat@ophivana.moe>	2024-11-06 14:09:41 +09:00
Ophestra Umiker	f831948bca	release: 0.1.0 release / release (push) Successful in 28s Details test / test (push) Successful in 21s Details This release significantly changes the command line interface, and updates the NixOS module to finally produce meaningful sandbox configuration. Signed-off-by: Ophestra Umiker <cat@ophivana.moe>	2024-11-06 04:37:43 +09:00
Ophestra Umiker	2e31b3d3a1	update README document test / test (push) Successful in 32s Details Signed-off-by: Ophestra Umiker <cat@ophivana.moe>	2024-11-06 04:35:52 +09:00
Ophestra Umiker	4d90e73366	nix: generate strict sandbox configuration test / test (push) Successful in 22s Details Signed-off-by: Ophestra Umiker <cat@ophivana.moe>	2024-11-06 04:25:15 +09:00
Ophestra Umiker	3dfc1fcd56	app: support full /dev access test / test (push) Successful in 22s Details Also moved /dev/fortify to /fortify since it is impossible to create new directories in /dev from the init namespace and bind mounting its contents has undesirable side effects. Signed-off-by: Ophestra Umiker <cat@ophivana.moe>	2024-11-06 03:49:39 +09:00
Ophestra Umiker	89bafd0c22	fortify: root check before command handling test / test (push) Successful in 22s Details Signed-off-by: Ophestra Umiker <cat@ophivana.moe>	2024-11-05 12:57:03 +09:00
Ophestra Umiker	861bb1274f	fortify: override default usage function test / test (push) Successful in 23s Details Signed-off-by: Ophestra Umiker <cat@ophivana.moe>	2024-11-05 00:12:31 +09:00
Ophestra Umiker	714818c8aa	fortify: implement cleaner argument structure test / test (push) Successful in 24s Details Signed-off-by: Ophestra Umiker <cat@ophivana.moe>	2024-11-05 00:07:36 +09:00
Ophestra Umiker	69cc64ef56	linux: provide access to stdout test / test (push) Successful in 22s Details Signed-off-by: Ophestra Umiker <cat@ophivana.moe>	2024-11-04 22:55:46 +09:00
Ophestra Umiker	fc25ac2523	app: separate auto etc from permissive defaults test / test (push) Successful in 23s Details Populating /etc with symlinks is quite useful even outside the permissive defaults usage pattern. Signed-off-by: Ophestra Umiker <cat@ophivana.moe>	2024-11-04 22:18:05 +09:00
Ophestra Umiker	d909b1190a	app/config: UseRealUID as true in template test / test (push) Successful in 24s Details The template is based on a Chromium setup, which this workaround was created for. Signed-off-by: Ophestra Umiker <cat@ophivana.moe>	2024-11-04 19:45:31 +09:00